Infectious disease is a serious health problem in the world of health. Escherichia coli causes diarrhea, Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes nosocomial infections which are Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Treatment with antibiotics is the therapy that is currently used, but other efforts in the use of herbal medicines are also being carried out in various studies. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The method used is agar diffusion (Kirby-Bauer) with variations in the concentration of the test solution. The results showed that at a concentration of 500 mg/mL the three bacteria had an inhibition zone diameter of Escherichia coli with a value of 12.37±0.15 mm, Salmonella typhi with a value of 11.60±0.20 mm and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with a value of 10.87±0.15 mm. The ethanol extract of avocado leaves (Persea americana Mill.) showed antibacterial activity against three Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacterium that can cause nosocomial infections. The use of antibiotics in the treatment of non-adherent P. aeruginosa infections increases the risk of antibiotic resistance. Efforts to find new antibiotic compounds from plants continue to be carried out. Papaya leaves are widely spread among the public, which are often used as ingredients for vegetables and have antibacterial potential because they contain papain enzymes and a class of flavonoid compounds. The purpose of this study was to analyze the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.) against P. aeruginosa by finding the value of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and calculating the index activity value against the positive control. The method used in this research is Kirby-Bauer (disc diffusion method) with several variations of the test concentration. The results showed that the diameter of the inhibition zone at a concentration of 500 mg/mL was in the strong category with an inhibition zone diameter of 10.87 ± 0.06 mm. MIC at a concentration of 3.125 mg/mL. The index activity value was greatest at a concentration of 500 mg/mL with a value of 0.668. So it can be concluded that the ethanol extract of papaya leaves (Carica papaya Linn.) has inhibitory activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
BACKGROUND: Seri (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves are a plant that is often found and have not been used in various treatments even though it is reported to have various groups of bioactive compounds such as phenolic, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, and triterpenoids.
AIM: This study aimed to determine the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and identify the content of potential bioactive compounds contained in the ethyl acetate fraction from M. calabura leaves.
METHODS: M. calabura L. leaves fraction was carried out by maceration method using ethanol followed by partition starting with n-hexane, chloroform, and finally ethyl acetate as solvent. The ethyl acetate fraction was continued for phytochemical screening for the content of bioactive compounds using standard reagents, determination of total phenol content by colorimetric method, determination of antioxidant activity using the DPPH method, and analysis of bioactive compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy.
RESULTS: The results showed that the ethyl acetate fraction of M. calabura leaves was positive for phenolic content which was indicated by the formation of a turquoise color after 5% FeCl3 reagent was added (in ethanol), phenolic content was 0.0727 mg GAE/g dry fraction, indicating antioxidant activity (IC50) amounted to 54.437 including strong categories as antioxidants and the results of GC–MS analysis obtained various kinds of compounds and it is suspected that compounds that provide potential as antioxidants are phytol.
CONCLUSION: The bioactive compound of ethyl acetate fraction of seri (M. calabura) leaves contained phenolic components and has strong antioxidant activity.
Pandan leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) is a plant that grows wild, which belongs to the Pandanaceae tribe which is used as a natural medicine. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial effectiveness of the handwashing soap formulation of pandan leaf extract against Salmonella sp bacteria and which concentration was the most effective. Extracts were made by maceration method using 96% ethanol as solvent. Formulation with mass 1 and mass 2. Testing of antibacterial effectiveness was carried out by diffusion method using disc paper. The results of the examination of the simplicia characterization of pandan leaves were determined to determine the water content of 0.1575%, the determination of the content of the water soluble extract was 0.1233%, the determination of the concentration of the soluble extract in ethanol was 0.0054%, the determination of the ash content of 0.1575%, the determination of the content of the acid insoluble extract. 0.0101%. Simplicia screening results contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and polyphenols. The yield of pandan leaf extraction is 90 g. The results of testing the effectiveness of Salmonella sp antibacterial on the diameter of the most effective inhibition zone was obtained at a concentration of 15% with a diameter of 22.70 mm. The results of the research, it can be concluded that the formulation of hand soap preparations with pandan leaf extract has antibacterial effectiveness against Salmonella sp.
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