Milk is a natural nutraceutical produced by mammals. The nanovesicles of milk play a role in horizontal gene transfer and confer health-benefits to milk consumers. These nanovesicles contain miRNA, mRNA, and proteins which mediate the intercellular communication. In this work, we isolated and characterized the buffalo milk-derived nanovesicles by dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Western probing, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The DLS data suggested a bimodal size distribution with one mode near 50 nm and the other around 200 nm for the nanovesicles. The NTA and SEM data also supported the size of nanovesicles within a range of 50-200 nm. The FTIR measurements of nanovesicles identified some prominent absorption bands attributable to the proteins (1300-1700 cm(-1), amide A and amide B bands), lipids (2800-3100 cm(-1)), polysaccharides, and nucleic acids (900-1200 cm(-1)). The comparative expression profiles of immune miRNA signatures (miR-15b, miR-21, miR-27b, miR-125b, miR-155, and miR-500) in nanovesicles isolated from milk, serum, and urine revealed that these miRNAs are present abundantly (P< 0.05) in milk-derived nanovesicles. Milk miRNAs (miR-21 and 500) that were also found stable under different household storage conditions indicated that these could be biologically available to milk consumers. Overall, nanovesicles are a new class of bioactive compounds from buffalo milk with high proportion of stable immune miRNAs compared to urine and plasma of same animals.

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A facile, one-step and greener route for the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was developed in pursuit of an eco-friendly alternative via green synthesis of gold nanomaterials. Mangifera indica (mango) is one of the most popular fruits and key herb in the Ayurvedic and ethnoveterinary-medical systems for several thousand years. We report here for the first time the AuNPs synthesis from auric chloride salt using aqueous extract of M. indica flowers as reducing and stabilizing agent. The biosynthesis process was fast with most of the AuNPs forming within 20 minutes and the reaction-kinetics reaching a plateau in just an hour. The AuNPs were characterized by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, TEM, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which confirmed the bio-reduction of gold ions. The bio-reduced AuNPs were mostly spherical with a dimension range nearer to 10-60 nm by TEM and a modal size of 32 nm by NTA. These AuNPs exhibited excellent nanocatalysis in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by NaBH 4 in aqueous phase. These biogenic gold nanoparticles could be useful for remediation of waste-waters and effluents containing nitroarene, such as 4-Nitrophenol.

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Milk contains plentiful nutrients. In Western countries, cow’s milk fat is supposed as a risk factor for health because it is a source of a high fraction of saturated fatty acids. There has been increasing attention in donkey’s milk. Donkeys’ milk is preferential as a potential new dietetic food and a good alternative for infant nutrition in the case of bovine milk protein allergy. The microbiota present in this food may be responsible for its beneficial effects. Considering the potential health benefits, an increase in utilization of donkeys’ milk is expected. The present review addresses various aspects of donkey milk with special emphasis on milk yield, composition, shelf life, antimicrobial, therapeutic and cosmetic properties.

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