The purpose of this paper is to consider an economy that incorporates cross-border shopping and where the different levels of government are concerned with the well-being of their citizens. We assume a federal economy with a central government and two regions with specific characteristics. Two kinds of externalities, horizontal and vertical, arise and we show the possibilities of internalising them. With the governments of symmetric regions behaving as Nash players, they would optimally set their tax rates and replicate the unitary nation optimum. Finally, we show how the central government as a Stackelberg leader can adjust its fiscal instruments so that the tax externalities are also internalised.
Rev. Adm. Pública -Rio de Janeiro 49(1): 47-71, jan./fev. 2015 48 Paulo Augusto P. de Britto • et. al. a evolução e a organização atual do setor portuário brasileiro. Ao longo da discussão, exemplos de portos são apresentados para ilustrar os conceitos apresentados.Pal av r a s -c h av e : setor portuário; reforma portuária; participação privada nos portos; concorrência no setor portuário; Lei dos Portos.Promoción de la competencia en el sector portuario: un análisis de los modelos globales y aplicación al caso de Brasil El crecimiento de la demanda de servicios en los sectores de infraestructura, junto con la falta de inversión pública, condujo políticas de promoción de la participación privada. En el sector portuario la participación privada recibió impulso a principios de 1990, cuando el crecimiento del comercio internacional y creciente globalización ha puesto de manifiesto la ineficacia general de este sector. Este artículo tiene como objetivo discutir la participación privada en el sector portuario desde el análisis de las formas de organización en esto sector en los distintos países y los modelos de competencia asociados a las diferentes estructuras de propiedad en las zonas del puerto. El artículo innova en relación con la literatura mediante la propuesta de la propiedad privada de zonas de uso restringido en el puerto. El artículo también presenta la evolución y organización actual del sector portuario brasileño. A lo largo de la discusión, los ejemplos se presentan para ilustrar los conceptos presentados.Pal a b r a s c l av e : sector portuario; reforma del puerto; participación privada en los puertos; competencia en el sector portuario; Ley de los puertos.Promoting competition in the port sector: an analysis from the global models and application to the Brazilian case The growth in demand for services in the infrastructure sectors, coupled with the lack of public investment, led to policies to promote private participation in those sectors. In the port sector, the private participation started in the early 90s, when the growth of international trade resulted from increasing globalization has highlighted the generalized inefficiency of this sector. This article aims to discuss the private participation in the port sector from the analysis of ways of organization, as well as the evolution of this sector in different countries, analyzing the possible competition models associated to different ownership structures in the areas of the port. The article also presents the evolution and the current organization of the Brazilian port model. Throughout the discussion, examples of ports are presented to illustrate the discussed concepts.
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