To study the antimicrobial properties of 2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone enaminone derivatives with a L-β-phenyl-α-alanine fragment in molecule. Methods. Diffusion in agar; serial dilutions in agar. Clinical isolates of microorganisms: methicillin-sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA), methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), methicillinresistant strain of Staphylococcus haemolyticus (MRSH), Escherichia coli; Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ESβL + Klebsiella pneumonia, Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis. Results. Screening of antimicrobial activity of 13 new2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone derivatives was carried out. The methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the most sensitive to the tested compounds. A number of derivatives exhibit synergism in combination with amoxicillin against the ESβL+ Klebsiella pneumonia strain. The structure-antimicrobial activity relationshipis was analyzed in detail. Conclusions. The tested 5-R-aminomethylene derivatives of ethyl 2-(4-oxo-2-thioxothiazolidin-3-yl)-3-phenylpropionic acid exhibit the
The «One Health» concept is gathering momentum and over the next years, International Journal Antibiotics and Probiotics will be publishing a series of articles to help encourage that process. Written by specialists in a range of fields, the articles will consider the meaning of One Health, the interactions between animal and human health and how a collaborative and interdisciplinary approach could help to solve emerging global problems. Governments and scientists worldwide recognised that greater interdisciplinary collaboration was required to prevent and control zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance, and that such collaboration should include not only physicians and veterinarians, but also wildlife specialists, including environmentalists, among others. The expression One Health was proposed as a concept to foster such interdisciplinary collaboration. It has been adopted with great enthusiasm by the veterinary profession and by the international agencies charged with control of zoonoses, most notably the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). Worldwide, the veterinary profession has promoted the concept of One Health to address such issues as food. It is clear that no one discipline or sector of society has enough knowledge and resources to prevent the emergence or resurgence of diseases in today’s globalised world.
Introduction: One of the innovative trends in the modern development of the pharmaceutical sector is the introduction of integrated management systems (IMS) at the enterprises for the production and distribution of medicines. The aim: to substantiate and develop a process model and approaches to the regulation and documentation, performance evaluation and improvement of the IMS within the pharmaceutical institution (PI) and hospital pharmaceutical service (HPS). Materials and methods: research materials used: international standards, regulations and guidelines of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, scientific publications, information of PI and hospitals, placed on official websites and collected in the process of direct observation. Research methods are: systemic-review, generalization, observation, documentary, structural-logical and graphic modeling. Results: Based on the requirements of good practices and international standards in the field of management of quality, ecology, occupational health and safety, social responsibility, a typical process model of the IMS of PI and HPS (pharmaceutical integrated management system − PIMS) has been substantiated and developed. The content of each process of a typical PIMS model is described and structured. The expected results (outputs) of the PIMS processes are determined. The approaches to the regulation and documentation of the PIMS processes in the conditions of functioning of the four-level documented information system are substantiated. A matrix of responsibility and authority of the staff of PI and hospitals within the PIMS is developed. The structurally hierarchical model of the performance evaluation and improvement of the PIMS has been designed and described. Conclusions: The results are the basis for the establishing, regulating and documenting of the PIMS and the development of a system for its performance evaluation and continual improvement.
At the beginning of 2020, one of the most significant health problems for humanity is the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here, we identify features and develop simple epidemic model of COVID-19 on the basis of available epidemiological data and existing trends worldwide. Modeling of COVID-19 epidemic process was based on a classic model. A key parameter of the model, i.e. transmission parameter of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was determined numerically with the use of available epidemiological daily reports of COVID-19 from 17 April to 23 May 2020. Numerical determination of transmission parameter of SARS-CoV-2 according to the absolute number of COVID-19 cases in Ukraine, Indonesia and worldwide data showed its global tendency to decrease over time. Approximation of the obtained numerical values of the transmission parameter of SARS-CoV-2 was carried out using the exponential function. The results of prognostic modeling showed that by the end of summer 2020, above 30 thousand COVID-19 cases are expected in Ukraine, 100 thousand COVID-19 cases in Indonesia, and 12 million COVID-19 cases worldwide. Thus, predicting the possible consequences of the implementation of various health care control programs COVID-19 involves a comprehensive study of the epidemic process of the disease as a whole and for certain periods of time with the subsequent construction of an adequate prediction model.
The introduction of various technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections into practice requires well-founded evidence of their effectiveness, which can be obtained using pharmacoeconomic methods and models that determine not only the effectiveness and feasibility of introducing preventive technologies, but also the socio-economic associated consequences. In this context, the development of a unified model for the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of medical technologies at all stages of the prevention of chronic viral infections is key to implementing optimal strategies for combating them for both individual groups and the entire population, developing recommendations for the rational use of diagnostic tests and viral vaccines, and determining the optimal level of pharmaceutical care for patients. The aim of the work – development of a conceptual model of pharmacoeconomic analysis of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections is possible on the basis of an analytical platform that determines the relationship between the target population to be prevented, and the effectiveness of intermediate and final results. The pharmacoeconomic analysis of technologies for the prevention of socially significant chronic viral infections was proposed to be carried out according to the developed algorithm. Implementation of the proposed algorithm for pharmacoeconomic analysis of various technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections was based on developed unified model of the spread of viral infection in the population, where individuals can be assigned to different clinical and epidemiological classes. This model was a combination of epidemiological and clinical prognostic approaches and can be used to predict and conduct pharmacoeconomic assessment of viral infection prevention technologies with a general decrease in the number of people in a particular epidemiological class when applying medical technology for a certain period of time. The presented concept allows to formulate the principles of pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. It was advisable to use the concept of quality of life in assessing the usefulness of the technologies under study, which allows to formalize the cost-utility coefficient, minimization of which determines pharmacoeconomic reasonable strategies for the prevention of chronic viral infections. The developed concept is promising, and information technologies based on it can become a reliable source of information to support decision-making by health experts in the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of technologies for the prevention of chronic viral infections.
In Ukraine, cervical cancer (CC) is the second most frequent cancer among women of reproductive age and causes more than two thousand deaths per year. The results of clinical and laboratory studies indicate the high prevalence of human papillomaviruses (HPV) of high carcinogenic risk in Ukraine, being the cause of the development of CC. The concept of pharmaceutical prevention is becoming more and more relevant today as it includes a set of measures aimed at preserving and promoting health, improving the quality of life, preventing the occurrence of pathological conditions and diseases; and if they occur - the progression and worsening of a patient's condition, relapse and transition to chronic form, as well as prevention of possible negative or undesirable consequences. The aim of the work – рharmacoeconomic research using mathematical modeling of prevention technologies of HPV-associated cervical pathologies based on vaccination and diagnostic screening among women of different ages. Pharmacoeconomic analysis of prevention technologies for women aged 18 years and more proposed a developed mathematical model, the overall idea of which reflected the current scientific understanding of the causes and development of CC. The detection of severe dysplasia is the primary purpose of diagnostic screening, and the establishment of diagnostic status in the presence of HPV infection is additional information that allows refining the diagnostic screening scheme. Minimization of total costs implies the simultaneous achievement of the maximum possible socio-economic effect from the introduction of complex technology for the prevention of HPV-associated pathologies of the cervix. It may be seen in the reduction of the total number of undiagnosed persons with severe dysplasia, which will be affected by both HPV vaccination and diagnostic screening. This justification is the basis for formalizing the pharmacoeconomic evaluation of complex technology for the prevention of HPV-associated cervical pathologies in the form of a cost-effectiveness factor. The proposed method of pharmacoeconomic assessment was put into practice using retrospective data of 145 women with a prevalence of young ones aged 22 to 36 years. On the basis of the received frequency, clinical and epidemiological data, it was possible to determine the coefficient of influence of the persistence of HPV on the development of severe forms of dysplasia, as an additional criterion for pharmacoeconomic evaluation. Analytical studies have shown that at constant costs for the diagnosis or vaccination of one person, the cost-effectiveness ratio of complex prevention technology is significantly dependent on the impact of HPV persistence. A case study was examined, in which the cost of diagnostic screening was 10 times lower than the cost of vaccination per person, the HPV vaccination efficiency was 90%, the vaccination coverage rate was 10%, and the non-vaccinated diagnostic screening rate was 80%. In this example, it was shown that the use of HPV persistence as additional weight in the calculation of diagnostic screening coverage allows for more pharmacologically sound prevention regimens due to the lower cost-effectiveness ratio, all else being equal. A method of pharmacoeconomic evaluation based on determining the utility of the costs of diagnostic screening and vaccination for HPV infection as a complex technology for the prevention of HPV-associated cervical pathologies is proposed. An additional criterion for pharmacoeconomic evaluation is the coefficient of the impact of HPV persistence on the development of severe dysplasia, which is equal to the ratio of the proportion of women with severe dysplasia to the proportion of women with HPV at the previous time. Analytical studies have shown that the use of HPV persistence as additional weight in the calculation of diagnostic screening coverage allows for more pharmacologically sound prevention regimens due to the lower cost-effectiveness ratio, all things being equal.
Introduction: Several studies has shown that rotaviruses play a leading role in the structure of acute intestinal infections (AII) of viral etiology in children. In the National vaccination calendar of Ukraine, vaccination against rotavirus infection (RVI) is classified as recommended, with the expected goal of reducing the number of severe RVI cases among under five-year-old children. Nevertheless, despite the positive epidemiological and clinical effects of vaccination against RVI, it remains unclear how appropriate the introduction of rotavirus vaccines is in terms of potential costs and benefits, as well as determining the optimal level of subsidy required to cover part of the costs of voluntary vaccination of the population. The aim: Study of optimal subsidy level of rotavirus vaccine in Ukraine using epidemiological and pharmacoeconomic modeling. Materials and methods: The retrospective epidemiological data of the monthly RVI incidence in Ukraine as well as the population number from 2010 to 2016 formed the information basis for determining the transmission parameter of the viral agent. The scenario of RVI epidemic process as an acute intestinal infection from the point of view of mathematical epidemiology is best described by developed mathematical model. Cost-benefit of rotavirus vaccination was studied with the use of developed pharmacoeconomic criteria. Results and conclusions: Prediction of possible implications of RVI vaccination and finding optimal level of vaccine supply involves a comprehensive study of the epidemic process peculiarities of this infection with development of an adequate epidemiological model. We have proposed a model of RVI epidemiological process in Ukraine, determining its main parameters with the use of available retrospective data of anual number of RVI cases for the period from 2010 to 2016. The developed model was used as an analytical tool for analyzing influence of different levels of vaccine supply on vaccination cost-benefit. The results of research showed that the use of epidemiological modeling in pharmacoeconomic analysis of rotavirus vaccination made it possible to determine analytically optimal level of vaccination subsidy level.
The aim: To study and substantiate normative, organizational and methodical approaches to the conducting of enlightenment activities in the field of health preservation and proper use of medicines in the context of the prospect of implementation of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) in Ukraine. Materials and methods: The research methods are: questionnaire survey, bibliographic, systemic review, systemic analysis, generalization, graphical modeling. The questionnaire survey was conducted by filling out questionnaires by pharmacists on paper or electronic media. Results: It is found that 51,5 % of the pharmacies surveyed are involved in sanitary enlightenment activities on health preservation and proper use of medicines. The need for introducing mechanisms to encourage pharmacy institutions to participate more actively in sanitary enlightenment among the population is substantiated. The expediency of combination of active and passive forms of sanitary enlightenment in pharmacies is shown. The enlightenment program «Health and Medicines» for the population has been developed. Methodical approaches to conducting enlightenment classes have been worked out. The algorithm infographic, describing the content of main consumer (patient) measures towards quality control of medicines purchased in the pharmacies, has been developed. Conclusions: The implementation of the results of the study into the professional activities of pharmacists will significantly increase the erudition of citizens on preserving health and proper use of medicines and is the important element in the implementation of international GPP standard in domestic pharmacies.
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