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The concept of the program "New energy ideas for the 21st century," which was adopted on the initiative of Russian specialists at the first international conference "Power generation and society," and the sixth meeting of the International Fuel and Power Association (IFPA), which convened this past year in Moscow. points out that fundamental support should be rendered to continuous growth of the production and demand for pure and renewable energy sources, which will occupy the leading position on the list of important energy resources by the middle of the 21st century. It is understood that the renewable, ecologically safe and economically justified energy of marine tides is primary among these sources.In the past decade, the potential of tidal energy has been evaluated in all countries, whose shores are washed by the world's oceans; the most promising regions for the deployment of power plants have been ascertained, and procedures developed for utilization of the power generated by tidal power plants (TEP) in power systems; methods have been approved for the building of these structures under open-ocean conditions; and, finally several TEP, which demonstrate the high multisided economic effectiveness of the use of this form of renewable energy, have been constructed in various regions. Russian scientists and engineers headed by Doctor of Technical Sciences L. P. Bernshtein have made an outstanding contribution to the many trends of energy and economic research and to practical experience with the building and operation of TEP.The total capacity of the 150 TEP that could possibly be constructed on the shorelines of the world's oceans is approximately 800 GW, and their annual generation 2000 TWh (approximately one-seventh of the world's power consumption by the end of the 20th century). In Russia, the power potential of marine tides is 110 GW, and the possible generation by TEP is 250 TWh; although the potential of the TEP does not assume a determining significant in the world's power generation, it will assume major significance for many countries and regions to cover the variable part of the load curve.Ten TEP are operating in the world today: the commercial Rance plant in France (240 MW, placed in service in 1967), and experimental plants -Kislogubsk in Russia (400 kW, 1968), seven TEP in China (total capacity of 10 MW, 197110 MW, -1980, and the Annapolis plant in Canada (20 MW, 1985). In the past ten years, designs have been developed for large-scale TEP in England -Severn (7.2 GW) and Mersey (0.7 GW), and in Canada -Camberland (1.15 GW) and Quebecuid (4.03 GW); design work is currently underway on TEP in South Korea and Australia.The building of the Rance and Kislogubsk TEP signaled a new era in the use of tidal energy, making it possible to implement its practical use in power systems by daytime transformation of the moon's energy. The 30-year operation of these TEP has demonstrated the economic efficiency of tidal energy and the ecological safety of TEP.The model proposed by L. B. Bernshtein and developed ...
The authors describe the Vladimirskaya hydroelectric pumped storage power plant that is currently being designed as the pilot Russian power project for the 21st century.The reform of the electricity-generating sector has led to a new concept of hydroelectric pumped storage power plants (HPSP) and innovative role in industry and in solving socioeconomic problems at the federal, regional, and municipal levels.After the adoption of the federal laws determining the legal principles of the Russian electricity-generating sector in the new economic conditions in March 2003, a set of measures is being implemented for the formation of the electricity market. So far this market is divided into two sectors, i.e., wholesale and retail markets acting on fundamentally different principles. It should be stated that the electricity market in its classical form as a mechanism for coordination between demand and supply has not been created yet. A distinctive feature of the wholesale market in the transitional period is the coexistence of two segments: the first is electricity trade controlled by the state and the second is free trade in electricity. The retail market, in turn, is segmented into the markets of the Russian Federation subjects and is characterized by the absence of competitive relations. The retail prices are controlled by the Regional Power Commissions; consequently, this sector cannot be regarded as a market in its classical interpretation. However, the reform of the electricity-producing sector is speeding up and the formation of the electricity market is acquiring a new steady trend, namely, striving for a unified market encompassing electricity generation and network business, which is capable of optimally distributing, economically using, and ensuring adequate quality of electric power.This approach calls for a new formulation of the concept of "electric power quality" considering that electricity is a specific commodity with limited storage and transportation capabilities. In the market conditions the quality of this specific commodity acquires additional components and characteristics.Providing high-quality electricity in compliance with the federal law requirements and existing standards cannot be achieved by the balance of supply and demand on the market. The production of electric power and the consumption of electricity to a certain extent are probabilistic and subject to stochastic variations. It is impossible to eliminate the consequences of such variations and to control the regimes balancing the electricity market, i.e., to ensure high-quality electric power without additional system services. Only HPSPs are able to offer such services in a wide spectrum, promptly and compactly. That is why an effective electricity market is impossible without such plants. At the same time, in the conditions of the emerging electricity market it is necessary to specify the optimum share of HPSPs in the total volume of power-generating facilities.Due to its unique maneuver capability, the ability to store power, and a ...
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