The authors describe the Vladimirskaya hydroelectric pumped storage power plant that is currently being designed as the pilot Russian power project for the 21st century.The reform of the electricity-generating sector has led to a new concept of hydroelectric pumped storage power plants (HPSP) and innovative role in industry and in solving socioeconomic problems at the federal, regional, and municipal levels.After the adoption of the federal laws determining the legal principles of the Russian electricity-generating sector in the new economic conditions in March 2003, a set of measures is being implemented for the formation of the electricity market. So far this market is divided into two sectors, i.e., wholesale and retail markets acting on fundamentally different principles. It should be stated that the electricity market in its classical form as a mechanism for coordination between demand and supply has not been created yet. A distinctive feature of the wholesale market in the transitional period is the coexistence of two segments: the first is electricity trade controlled by the state and the second is free trade in electricity. The retail market, in turn, is segmented into the markets of the Russian Federation subjects and is characterized by the absence of competitive relations. The retail prices are controlled by the Regional Power Commissions; consequently, this sector cannot be regarded as a market in its classical interpretation. However, the reform of the electricity-producing sector is speeding up and the formation of the electricity market is acquiring a new steady trend, namely, striving for a unified market encompassing electricity generation and network business, which is capable of optimally distributing, economically using, and ensuring adequate quality of electric power.This approach calls for a new formulation of the concept of "electric power quality" considering that electricity is a specific commodity with limited storage and transportation capabilities. In the market conditions the quality of this specific commodity acquires additional components and characteristics.Providing high-quality electricity in compliance with the federal law requirements and existing standards cannot be achieved by the balance of supply and demand on the market. The production of electric power and the consumption of electricity to a certain extent are probabilistic and subject to stochastic variations. It is impossible to eliminate the consequences of such variations and to control the regimes balancing the electricity market, i.e., to ensure high-quality electric power without additional system services. Only HPSPs are able to offer such services in a wide spectrum, promptly and compactly. That is why an effective electricity market is impossible without such plants. At the same time, in the conditions of the emerging electricity market it is necessary to specify the optimum share of HPSPs in the total volume of power-generating facilities.Due to its unique maneuver capability, the ability to store power, and a ...
На сегодняшний день глаукома является одной из самых распространенных причин приобретенной слепоты в экономически развитых странах и зани-мает одно из ведущих мест среди инвалидизирую-щих заболеваний органа зрения. В настоящее время первостепенная роль в лечении больных с глаукомой отводится аналогам простагландинов, основной точкой приложения которых является увеосклеральный путь оттока внутриглазной жидкости. Тем не менее проблема количественной оценки увеосклерального оттока до сих пор не имеет однозначного решения. Цель -испытание метода количественной оценки увеосклерального оттока глаза живого человека в клинических условиях для оптимизации медикаментозной терапии больных с глаукомой. Материал и методы. Нами были исследованы пациенты с диагнозом открытоугольной глаукомы в начальной (n=33) и развитой (n=30) стадиях. Помимо стандартного офтальмологического обследования, всем пациентам проводили количественную оценку увеосклерального оттока по разработанной и обоснованной нами методике. Было исследовано влияние различных гипотензивных препаратов на увеосклеральный отток: селективного бета-1-адреноблокатора бетаксолола 0,5%, ингибитора карбоангидразы бринзоламида 1%, аналога простагландинов травопроста 0,004% и фиксированной комбинации неселективного бета-блокатора тимолола 0,5% с аналогом простагландинов травопростом 0,004% (ФКТТ) в сравнении. Результаты. Показатель С увео без лечения при начальной первичной открытоугольной глаукоме (ПоуГ) составил 0,06±0,06, после применения бетаксолола 0,5% -0,05±0,03, на фоне лечения бринзоламидом 1% -0,05±0,03, травопростом 0,004% -0,10±0,06, при использовании ФКТТ -0,08±0,05. Показатель С увео без лечения при развитой ПоуГ составил 0,04±0,03, после терапии бетаксололом 0,5% -0,06±0,04, на фоне лечения бринзоламидом 1% -0,06±0,04, травопростом 0,004% -0,1±0,05, при применении ФКТТ -0,1±0,04. Заключение. Количественная оценка увеосклерального оттока с помощью метода, имеющего обоснование и прошедшего полноценную клиническую апробацию, позволяет оптимизировать лечение ПоуГ. The leading role in glaucoma treatment is now played by prostaglandin analogues (PGAs), whose point of application is the uveoscleral outflow of aqueous humor. Quantitative evaluation of the latter is, however, a problem yet unsolved. Aim -to assess the clinical applicability of a new method for quantitative evaluation of the uveoscleral outflow in human eyes, which is meant to help with optimization of glaucoma therapy. Material and methods. Patients with early (n=33) and advanced (n=30) primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) were enrolled. Besides the routine ophthalmic examination, all patients had their uveoscleral outflow quantified with our method. Basing on these findings, we have analyzed the effect of different hypotensive eye drops, namely, betaxolol 0.5% (selective beta-1-blocker), brinzolamid 1% (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), travoprost 0.004% (prostaglandin analogue) and travoprost 0.004%/timolol 0.5% fixed combination (TTFC; prostaglandin analogue plus nonselective beta-blocker). Results. In e...
The authors describe the Vladimirskaya hydroelectric pumped storage power plant that is currently being designed as the pilot Russian power project for the 21st century.The reform of the electricity-generating sector has led to a new concept of hydroelectric pumped storage power plants (HPSP) and innovative role in industry and in solving socioeconomic problems at the federal, regional, and municipal levels.After the adoption of the federal laws determining the legal principles of the Russian electricity-generating sector in the new economic conditions in March 2003, a set of measures is being implemented for the formation of the electricity market. So far this market is divided into two sectors, i.e., wholesale and retail markets acting on fundamentally different principles. It should be stated that the electricity market in its classical form as a mechanism for coordination between demand and supply has not been created yet. A distinctive feature of the wholesale market in the transitional period is the coexistence of two segments: the first is electricity trade controlled by the state and the second is free trade in electricity. The retail market, in turn, is segmented into the markets of the Russian Federation subjects and is characterized by the absence of competitive relations. The retail prices are controlled by the Regional Power Commissions; consequently, this sector cannot be regarded as a market in its classical interpretation. However, the reform of the electricity-producing sector is speeding up and the formation of the electricity market is acquiring a new steady trend, namely, striving for a unified market encompassing electricity generation and network business, which is capable of optimally distributing, economically using, and ensuring adequate quality of electric power.This approach calls for a new formulation of the concept of "electric power quality" considering that electricity is a specific commodity with limited storage and transportation capabilities. In the market conditions the quality of this specific commodity acquires additional components and characteristics.Providing high-quality electricity in compliance with the federal law requirements and existing standards cannot be achieved by the balance of supply and demand on the market. The production of electric power and the consumption of electricity to a certain extent are probabilistic and subject to stochastic variations. It is impossible to eliminate the consequences of such variations and to control the regimes balancing the electricity market, i.e., to ensure high-quality electric power without additional system services. Only HPSPs are able to offer such services in a wide spectrum, promptly and compactly. That is why an effective electricity market is impossible without such plants. At the same time, in the conditions of the emerging electricity market it is necessary to specify the optimum share of HPSPs in the total volume of power-generating facilities.Due to its unique maneuver capability, the ability to store power, and a ...
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