The concept of the program "New energy ideas for the 21st century," which was adopted on the initiative of Russian specialists at the first international conference "Power generation and society," and the sixth meeting of the International Fuel and Power Association (IFPA), which convened this past year in Moscow. points out that fundamental support should be rendered to continuous growth of the production and demand for pure and renewable energy sources, which will occupy the leading position on the list of important energy resources by the middle of the 21st century. It is understood that the renewable, ecologically safe and economically justified energy of marine tides is primary among these sources.In the past decade, the potential of tidal energy has been evaluated in all countries, whose shores are washed by the world's oceans; the most promising regions for the deployment of power plants have been ascertained, and procedures developed for utilization of the power generated by tidal power plants (TEP) in power systems; methods have been approved for the building of these structures under open-ocean conditions; and, finally several TEP, which demonstrate the high multisided economic effectiveness of the use of this form of renewable energy, have been constructed in various regions. Russian scientists and engineers headed by Doctor of Technical Sciences L. P. Bernshtein have made an outstanding contribution to the many trends of energy and economic research and to practical experience with the building and operation of TEP.The total capacity of the 150 TEP that could possibly be constructed on the shorelines of the world's oceans is approximately 800 GW, and their annual generation 2000 TWh (approximately one-seventh of the world's power consumption by the end of the 20th century). In Russia, the power potential of marine tides is 110 GW, and the possible generation by TEP is 250 TWh; although the potential of the TEP does not assume a determining significant in the world's power generation, it will assume major significance for many countries and regions to cover the variable part of the load curve.Ten TEP are operating in the world today: the commercial Rance plant in France (240 MW, placed in service in 1967), and experimental plants -Kislogubsk in Russia (400 kW, 1968), seven TEP in China (total capacity of 10 MW, 197110 MW, -1980, and the Annapolis plant in Canada (20 MW, 1985). In the past ten years, designs have been developed for large-scale TEP in England -Severn (7.2 GW) and Mersey (0.7 GW), and in Canada -Camberland (1.15 GW) and Quebecuid (4.03 GW); design work is currently underway on TEP in South Korea and Australia.The building of the Rance and Kislogubsk TEP signaled a new era in the use of tidal energy, making it possible to implement its practical use in power systems by daytime transformation of the moon's energy. The 30-year operation of these TEP has demonstrated the economic efficiency of tidal energy and the ecological safety of TEP.The model proposed by L. B. Bernshtein and developed ...
The optimal utilization of the water resources of a country is made possible mainly by constructing multipurpose water management projects intended to satisfy the needs of several branches of the national economy. In the resolutions of the 24th Congress of the CPSU, it was stated that it is necessary, "in hydropower, to construct mainly hydraulic projects which permit solving in an integrated manner the problems of the production of electric energy, irrigation of lands, supply of water to the nationaleconomy, and development of navigation and fishing."At the present time, the order of financing muRipurpose hydraulic developments is not governed by any regulations, and it is established in different ways for different projects. In many cases, a11 the construction burden is laid on a single ministry and the remaining participants are freed from financing the construction of the multipurpose hydraulic project; this lowers the interest of the financing ministry in an integrated solution of the problems. In the same way, the self-financing relations involved in the operation of muRipurpose water management projects are not regulated. These deficiencies in the financing of the construction of multipurpose water management projects have been the basis for the decision to prepare instructions for the distribution of the expenditures involved in multipurpose hydraulic projects. However, the competent organizations have not yet put these instructions into effect, although their basic aspects were explained in many documents issued by different organizations, and in particular in 1970-1971, in a collective work prepared by the SOPS (Council for the study of productive resources) at the National Planning Board of the USSR, the Gidroproekt and VNIIG Institutes of the Ministry of Power and Electrification of the USSR, the TsNII~VT Institute of the Ministry of River Transport of the Russian Soviet Federal SR, the Gidrotybproekt of the Ministry of Fishing of the USSR, and the VNIIGiM Institute of the Ministry of Water Management of the USSR. A draft of the corresponding instructions was prepared at the SOPS; recommendations for the distribution of expenditures are included in a work on another subject, which presents methodological instruction for the determination of the expenditures involved in reservoirs being designed.The Gidroproekt Institute and the Leningrad Polytechnic Institute have prepared also draft instructions based on a resolution of the All-Union Interbranch Conference (1969) on the "Technical-economic aspects of the design of multipurpose water management projects and systems." In the preparation of these instructions, consideration was given to the methodological material supplied by the Scientific Council for Multipurpese Utilization and Conservation of Water Resources of the Government Committee for Science and Technology of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, the Council for Investigation of the National Planning Board of the USSR, the TsNIII~VT Ministry of the River Fleet of the USSR, the VNIIGiM of the G...
The existing methods of substantiation of the effectiveness of hydropower construction alternatives have several shortcomings. Various authors [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] have pointed out the groundlessness of the applied rigid and unified norms of effectiveness and costs occurring at different times in the substantiation of lonE-term programs, the limitations of the criterion of amortized costs, which functions poorly in the evaluation of social and ecologic factors and the substantiation of tecrltorlal--lndustrlal complexes, the underestimating of the llve labor in the expenditures and capital investments for the considered alternatives, etc.These shortcomings exert a significant effect on the technical policies in the fleld of hydropower and multipurpose water-management construction, in whlch the differences among the compared alternatives as regards capital consumption, fund structure, construction and operatlonmastering periods, labor productivity level, and amount and composition of the productlon expenditures are usually very sharply manifested.Along with the topicality of the improvement of the methods of economic comparison of power coustruction alternatives, under the conditions of the increasing strain in the balance of the labor resources, considerable importance is attained by the working out of methods of comparison of alternatives directly from the labor costs. In this article, an investigation carried out for working out such methods is described.Proposals for comparison of labor in a natural form are presented in [8,9]. According to [8], the total labor costs can be determined in any given technical alternative by removing the total llve labor costs from the materially expressed labor costs through successive apportionment of the live labor costs over the previous production stages and their addition to the live labor costs for the last stage.Less labor-consuming is a proposal [9] for determination of the national income corresponding to each working day and addition, on the basis of this equivalent, of the past labor to the llve labor. The individual cost economy of importance for evaluation of the effectlvaness of the alternative can be calculated by taking into account the required design llve labor costs.The basic possibility of direct measurement of the labor costs is admitted also in [3], in which, however, the complexity of such calculations is pointed out.The conditionallty and approximate character of such methods of expressing labor in a natural form is perceived in the difficulties involved in adding labor time having different qualifications and intensity and in making commensurable the past labor expressed in production means and materials with the current live labor costs. These difficulties really exist, but, as shown below, they do not depreciate the method of analysis itself.
Serious difficulties in the country's economy and a sharp worsening of human living conditions have forced us to critically reevaluate the results and direction of further development of the entire industrial base of the economy, including its power sector. The need for a rapid increase of all power objects--coal mines and strip mines, electric power stations, and high-voltage transmission lines --that seemed obvious earlier has become the subject of discussion both by the public and by a broad range of specialists and scientists.Along with such most important sectors of the power base of the USSR as fuel enterprises, thermal power, nuclear plants, district heating, etc., hydropower, its past and long-term development, have also been reviewed.In a number of statements in the press and at public forums, various, including negative, evaluations have been given to the wide construction of hydro developments and reservoirs in various regions of the country. Hydropower facilities proposed for construction on the Daugava, Tom', Upper Volga, in the lower course and on the tributaries of the Enisei, on the Amur and its tributaries Zeya and Bureya, as well as the construction of a number of pumped-storage stations in the European part of the USSR have been questioned or rejected. Suggestions have been made about reducing the backwater elevations of certain dams and decreasing the regulating capacity of reservoirs, power, and sequence of constructing planned and abuilding hydro developments on the Volga, Kama, Irtysh, Vakhsh, on rivers of the Far East, etc.However, the vital interests of industry, agriculture, and the population of many regions at present and in the future are closely related to the use of hydropower resources. Therefore, modernization of the technical decisions made in a number of cases in hydropower engineering, and mainly the direction of future hydropower construction and rate of its development should be objectively verified on the basis of realities and common sense.General problems and requirements imposed on the development of electric power engineering as a whole and, first and foremost, establishment of the country's need for an increase of plants for generating electricity are the initial ones in this examination. On this depends also the place which hydropower production will occupy in the future power industry.Modern civilization, with its industrial enterprises, farms, urban agglomerations, electrified transport, mode of life, water supply, heating, and power base of culture and communications, owes its existence and development to electric power generation. The world consumption of electricity has already exceeded a vast quantity, 11 trillion kWh per year (i.e., 220 kWh per capita of the planet) and continues to increase.It is natural that the weU-being and culture of human society can only approximately be regarded as direct consequences of their provision with electricity.
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