Learning outcomes is always an extensive research area in higher education. The research is to assess the learning outcomes of university graduates. To accomplish the aim, descriptive research and survey design was used for data collection. It was the case study of the University of Sargodha. A self-developed questionnaire was validated by expert opinion, and reliability was established at .92. For analyzing the data, descriptive and inferential statistics were applied to test the mean difference of participative programs. It was found that there is no significant difference in the learning of students on the basis of the program in which they are enrolled. The study recommends an extensive study of learning outcomes in higher education.

Keeping in view the significance of learning environment of the academic institutions, this study was designed to explore the perceptions of students regarding the learning environment in the departments of teacher education of general universities in Punjab, Pakistan. The population of the study was comprised of students enrolled in 8 th Semester of bachelor programs. Cluster sampling technique was applied to select the sample N=218. A standardized tool Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM) was administered to explore the perceptions of students. The questionnaire comprised of 50 items. It was found that students have clear insight in view of academic selfperception and effective learning environment in teacher education institutes. The study recommends future research with mixed method designs and involving different academic disciplines and stakeholders addressing the learning environment that will contribute in creating awareness about learning environment in academic institutes.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the top causes of disability and deaths in the world. However, Pakistan has 81 TBI cases for per 100,000 residents, with a 15% death rate. In order to lower excessive intracranial pressure in brain injury patients, external ventricular drains (EVDs) are frequently used to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Nursing practices with reference to the care of patients with EVD are greatly improved by EVD care guidelines. Therefore, it is crucial to implement EVD care guidelines in order to enhance their current procedures for EVD care. Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the effect of nursing guidelines on practices of nurses caring for traumatic brain injury patients with external ventricular drain in a public hospital of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: A quasi experimental study was conducted. Sample size contained 50 registered nurses. Purposive sampling technique was used to collect the data. A four-week education intervention was delivered to the participant nurses. Through the use of validated questionnaires, information on nurses' practices was gathered twice, before and after the intervention. Results: The study found that nurses' practices had significantly improved (p< 0.001) following the education. The practices had been competent as post- intervention practices are improved to 32 (64%) from pre- intervention practices 12(24%). Conclusions: Guidelines for the care of External Ventricular Drains (EVDs) have a statistically significant impact on nurses' education in EVD care. Guidelines for EVD care considerably improve the nursing practices and reduced EVD consequences in patients with traumatic brain injuries.

This study investigates into the academic achievement (AA) of university students as determined by their Communication Skills (CS). The effect was measured on the basis of gender, locality, semester and program of study. The researchers developed their research instrument by adapting from two questionnaires. On was the research instrument used at the College of Physiotherapists of Ontario (n.d.); and the other was the “QuestionnaireVerbal Communication” (Pierrete Desrosiers, n.d.). Taking Sargodha district as the population, conveniently sampled 160 students from the University of Sargodha were surveyed through the questionnaire. The study was quantitative in nature. The findings of the study concluded that n students’ CS yielded any effect on their AA. Also, the students at all levels (semesters) and in all programs were reported to have equivalent level of CS. However, it was interesting to note that the level of both CS was prominently higher as perceived by the students.

The study aimed to find out the relationship of personality characteristics with organizational commitment among secondary school teachers. The study was descriptive in nature, and survey approach was used. The study was delimited to Punjab province. All the secondary school teachers teaching secondary classes were the population. The sample comprised of 330 SSTs selected via random sampling technique. Two self-developed reliable questionnaires were appreciated and validated before data administration. The analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics through SPSS version 21. The findings of the study indicated that there is a positive and significant relationship was found between personality characteristics and organizational commitment among secondary school teachers. It was also concluded that personality characteristics effects on organizational commitment. The study recommends that training and refresher courses may be arranged for secondary school teachers for flourishing personality characteristics.

Due to numerous reasons, educating learners with disabilities is an uphill task in Pakistan. Low enrolment and high dropout ratio of such learners need the attention of all stakeholders. The study inquired into the problems faced by learners with disabilities in Universities of Pakistan. The study, by reviewing the literature, examines the accessibility of learners with disabilities in universities, teachers' training, teaching methods, attitudinal challenges, and support services. The study concludes that these students face attitudinal problems both from fellow students and teachers; lack of access to classrooms, libraries, administrative offices; unfriendly teaching methods; untrained teaching staff; hostile environment; lack of assistive devices and transport to, from and inside the campus. The study recommends accessible buildings, accessible transport, capacity development of faculty in special and inclusive education, access to library and administration, curriculum revision, and implementation of policies regarding the inclusive education system.

The present study investigated the correlation of critical thinking skills (CTS) and academic achievement of intermediate students in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. The study was quantitative. The population of the study comprised all the students enrolled for intermediate in the province of the Punjab. Multistage sampling technique was used to select a sample size of 300. CTS test scores were obtained from a self-developed multiple-choice test having dimensions of analysis, evaluation, and logic.  Scores of the academic achievement was obtained from the selected sample. It was found that the majority of students at intermediate level performed low on analysis, evaluation, and logic dimensions of the critical-thinking skills. The study also revealed that there was a significant positive relationship between CTS and academic achievement of  students at the intermediate level. The study recommends introducing teacher guides for teaching CTS at the intermediate level. The study also recommends introduction of continuous assessment procedures for the development of the CTS in students at the intermediate level.

The central theme of the research work was to examine the impact of International Trade of Higher Education (IToHE) on universities' performance. The nature of the article was descriptive; as a consequence, the data of the study was assembled by means of survey and interview. The targeted population was comprised of all BS, MS, PhD students, faculty and administration from all general public universities of Punjab, which were included in the HEC ranking in 2015. The purposive sampling technique and multiphase strategy were applied to specify the sample. Data was collected via two research instruments. To assemble quantitative data, a questionnaire was planned on six factors, i.e. Leadership role (LR), Quality Teaching (QT), Research (R), University Ranking (UR), Community Perception (CP) and International Trade of Higher Education (IToHE). According to the triangulation result, findings illustrated that Academia should do productive work instead of producing passive labor. The study recommended further researches in the field of cross border mobility and its role in university, society and country development.