If it can be effectively delivered to its site of action, α-mangostin has potential in development of novel cosmeceuticals due to its melanogenesis-blocking activity. The aim of this study was to develop an ultra-small unilamellar carrier system for α-mangostin and to evaluate its effect as an anti-age-spot serum on humans in vivo. The ultra-small unilamellar carrier bases were optimized using a 25 factorial design, with five factors (virgin coconut oil, soy lecithin, Tween 80, and stirring duration and speed) and two levels (low and high); response of droplet size was analyzed using Design Expert 12®. The anti-spot examination was conducted via capturing digital images of the human skin after topical application of an α-mangostin-loaded ultra-small unilamellar carrier at night for two consecutive weeks. The results thereof were analyzed using Motic Live Imaging 3.0 and a standard red, green, and blue score. The optimized serum formula was confirmed with a composition of 2.3% virgin coconut oil, 1% lecithin, and 28.3% Tween 80 (polysorbate 80) at a stirring speed of 1500 revolutions per minute for 15 min. Incorporation of 3% α-mangostin to the optimized base formula produced an ultra-small unilamellar carrier globule size of 16.5 nm, with zeta potential of −25.8 mV and a polydispersion index of 0.445. Physical characterization of an α-mangostin-loaded ultra-small unilamellar carrier comprised 90.94% transmittance, a pH value of 6.5, a viscosity of 38 cP, specific gravity of 1.042 g/mL and 72.46% entrapment efficiency. A transmission electron microscope confirmed spherical nanosized droplets in the system. Topical application of an α-mangostin-loaded ultra-small unilamellar carrier at night for 2 consecutive weeks demonstrated anti-age-spot activity shown through a significant reduction in intensity and area of spots in human volunteers (p < 0.05).
Asiaticoside is a triterpenoid glycoside compound obtained from gotu kola (Centella asiatica L. Urban) which can be used for produce collagen in the skin so that the skin will feel more supple, elastic, tighten the skin, make the skin texture smoother and scavenge free radicals. This asiatica can be used as an ingredient for wound healing and reducing redness of acne scars (Nagai et al., 2018). However, asiaticoside has poor absorption and excellent solubility (Ozdemir et al., 2016). Thus, nanoemulsion preparations will improve the absorption of asiaticoside which bad because Nanoemulsions can improve the properties of active compounds that have poor absorption with very small particle sizes ranging from 1-100 nm , aiming to increase the permeability of active substances and improve absorption (Zhang et al ., 2016). Nanoemulsion preparations are very attractive when applied in cosmetic products. In addition to its good effectiveness, side effects such as skin irritation and low toxicity, nanoemulsions can also be applied easily through the skin and mucous membranes (Yang et al., 2019). Optimization can be interpreted as an approach to get the best combination of a product or process characteristics under certain conditions, it can also be interpreted as choosing the best elements or materials from several available options (Amalia et al., 2017). In determining the optimal formula using a design expert 13 who can help design variations of the formula in the preformulation and analysis of experimental results (Singh et al., 2007).
Keloids are pathological scars, characterized histologically by excessive aggregation of type I collagen and fibroblasts in the reticular dermis inflammation. Scar tissue (keloid) is one problem the most frustrating in wound healing. Clinically, keloids are defined as a scar that invades adjacent healthy tissue and seldom experience regression along time. Keloids can be said to be a disorder of the healing wound, which form growth excessive from network scar, exceed limit wound, and beyond the normal time (can be years) wound healing process. In this research conducted development drug anti - keloids in silicon from compound secondary metabolites Lycopene with target protein TGF-β1 with code PDB ID: 3TZM. Testing conducted with series process covers analysis of compounds and proteins, physicochemical properties, ADME, RMSD value ≤ 2 Å, geometry optimization, 3D and 2D interactions between compounds and target proteins using DOCK 6. Based on results test in silicon, will be obtained compound docking score quercetin with the 3TZM ligand that t has the potential to be developed into one candidate drug anti keloids with score bond energy free (affinity) – 71,453, van derwals bond energy value (vdw) -71,990, ES energy value 0,536 and internal repulsive energy value 72,413.
Quercetin is a flavonoid compound with strong antioxidant activity found in various plants. The permeability of quercetin into the skin is very low due to its poor water solubility which makes its transdermal delivery inefficient. As a drug delivery system, USUC can increase the effectiveness of drug therapy by reducing the particle size to the nanometer range. The results of the evaluation of the nanodispersion preparation base obtained were stable in the form of a clear, yellow, distinctive aroma resulting from the addition of lecithin and homogeneous, the average pH was 6.8, the turbidity measurement was 0.050%, freeze and thaw testing, namely the stable preparation was stored at room temperature. as well as extreme temperatures, 52 cp viscosity and 1.073 g/ml specific gravity. The results of the evaluation of the quercetin nanodispersion preparation obtained were stable in the form of a clear solution, yellow in color, characteristically flavored resulting from the addition of lecithin and homogeneous, the average pH was 6.4, the transmittance measurement was 94.519%, freeze and thaw testing, namely the stable preparation was stored at room temperature. as well as extreme temperatures, viscosity 52 cp, specific gravity 1.062 g/ml, irritation test which was negative for all parameters observed, the maximum wavelength of quercetin was 371.50, the regression equation for quercetin was linear and the encapsulation efficiency value obtained was 96.22%. The results of characterization using PSA obtained a particle size of 11.0 nm , polydispersity index 0.243, and a zeta potential value of -11.4 mV.
Sungkai Leaves have been used traditionally to treat various diseases, because sungkai leaves contains secondary metabolites that are rich in antioxidants. The aim of the study was to analyze the antioxidant activity and organoleptic properties of the herbal tea from sungkai leaves with variations in drying time of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes. Measurement of antioxidant activity using UV-Vis spectroscopy DPPH method (1,1 – difenil – 2 - pikrilhidrazil) with a wavelength of 515.5 nm. While the organoleptic test using the scoring test method. Organoleptic parameters include color, aroma, and taste. The results showed that the drying time treatment had an effect on the antioxidant activity of tea sungkai leaf herbal tea. Leaf drying at a temperature of 50°C with a drying time of 30 minutes gave the highest level of antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 126,8148 µg/ml. Drying time also affected the organleptic properties of the herbal tea and sungkai.
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