This study was conducted in order to determine microbiological quality of raw cow milk samples sold in public markets and to investigate foodborne pathogens in Giresun. The samples were examined for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria, coliform, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and mold, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, L. monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp. according to Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual and International Organization for Standardization methods. Identification of the isolated pathogens was made with Matrix-assisted laser desorption, ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. The mean values of microorganism colonies detected in raw cow milk samples were as follows: total mesophilic aerobic bacteria count 5.87 log cfu/ml in 93 samples; total psychrotroph aerobic bacteria count 5.69 log cfu/ml in 95 samples; coliform count 4.85 log cfu/ml in 12 samples; Enterobacteriaceae count 4.84 log cfu/ml in 18 samples; Micrococcus/Staphylococcus count 5.17 log cfu/ml in 94 samples; lactic acid bacteria count 5.54 log cfu/ml in 97 samples, and yeast and mold 5.16 log cfu/ml in 73 samples. Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli were found as 6 (6%) and 34 (34%) in 100 raw cow milk samples respectively. Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Bacillus cereus were not detected. As a result; a statistically significant presence of bacteria threatening human health was detected in the raw cow milk samples examined. In order to resolve this problem, it is thought that further similar studies should be conducted on the basis of procuders, consumers and supervisory institutions. Öz: Bu çalışma, Giresun'da pazarlarda satılan çiğ inek sütü örneklerinin mikrobiyolojik kalitesini belirlemek ve gıda patojenlerini araştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Örnekler, toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri, toplam psikrotrof aerobik bakteri, koliform grubu bakteri, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcus/Staphylococcus, laktik asit bakterileri, maya ve küf, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, Campylobacter spp. yönünden Food and Drug Administration/Bacteriological Analytical Manual ve International Organization for Standardization yöntemlerine göre incelenmiştir. İzole edilen patojenlerin identifikasyonları, Matriks aracılı lazer dezorpsiyon, iyonizasyon uçuş zamanı kütle spektrometresi ile yapılmıştır. Çiğ inek sütü örneklerinde belirlenen mikroorganizma kolonilerinin ortalama değerleri sırasıyla; toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri sayısı 93 örnekte 5.87 log kob/ml; toplam psikrotrof aerobik bakteri sayısı 95 örnekte 5.69 log kob/ml; koliform sayısı 12 örnekte 4.85 log kob/ml; Enterobacteriaceae sayısı 18 örnekte 4.84 log kob/ml; Micrococcus/Staphylococcus sayısı 94 örnekte 5.17 log kob/ml; laktik asit bakteri sayısı, 97 örnekte 5.54 log kob/ml ve maya-küf sayısı 73 örnekte 5.16 log kob/ml olarak bulunmuştur. Listeria monocytogenes ve...
Stafilokokal gıda zehirlenmesi, esas olarak enterotoksijenik Staphylococcus aureus tarafından üretilen stafilokokal enterotoksinlerle kontamine olmuş gıdanın yenmesi ile ortaya çıkan önemli bir hastalıktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Giresun ve Trabzon illerinde kasaplarda satılan çiğ et örneklerinde Staphylococcus aureus kontaminasyonu, izolatların enterotoksin kapasiteleri ve çeşitli antibiyotiklere direnç profilleri bakımından taşıdığı halk sağlığı risklerini değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Toplam 68 çiğ et örneği, mikrokok/stafilokok ve toplam stafilokok varlığı yönünden analiz edildi. İzolatların tanımlanmaları ve antibiyotik duyarlılık testleri, VITEK 2 cihazı ile saptanmıştır. Enzim bağlı immünolojik test tekniği kullanılarak stafilokok izolatlarındaki klasik tip enterotoksin varlıkları belirlenmiş ve tiplendirilmiştir. 1 5 Bulgular: Mikrokok/stafilokok ve toplam stafilokok mikrobiyal yükleri sırasıyla 10 -10 1 5 kob/g ve 10 -10 kob/g arasında tespit edildi. Çalışılan 68 et örneğinden, toplam 171 adet stafilokok izole edildi. Elde edilen izolatlar içerisinde, çiğ tavuk etinde bir adet S. aureus (%1,03) izolatı bulundu. Bu izolatın enterotoksin üretme ve E tipi enterotoksin üretme kabiliyetine sahip olduğu bulundu. S. aureus izolatı, test edilen diğer antibiyotiklere duyarlı iken sadece benzilpenisiline dirençli olarak bulundu. Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçları, antibiyotiğe dirençli ve enterotoksijenik S. aureus 'un tüketiciler için önemli bir hijyenik risk oluşturduğunu göstermiştir. Stafilokokal gıda zehirlenmesi vakaları açısından risk oluşturması ve zamanla halk sağlığını tehdit etmesi nedeniyle bu konuda kapsamlı çalışmalar yapılmalıdır.
Objective: A retrospective analysis of the widely used antibiotics all susceptibility testing results from Escherichia coli cultured from clinical specimens private hospital from (January 2016 to November 2018) was performed. Methods: The VITEK 2 Compact automated microbiology system is designed for automated rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing and identification of clinically relevant bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results previously obtained in recent clinical isolates with well-defined in isolates with well-characterized resistance mechanisms with the microdilution method were re-interpreted for the susceptible, intermediate and resistant categories using the 2018 EUCAST breakpoints. Clinical samples are most commonly isolated from blood, sputum and urine samples. Results: Escherichia coli isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin, cefuroxime and cefixime 79,16%, 60,41% and 58,33% respectively. Resistance rate of ceftriaxon was showed in 52,08%. When we compared to resistance of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, Escherichia coli isolates showed 51,04% resistance rate. When it comes to the most sensitive antibiotics, sensitivity rate of fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin, and amikacin were 89,58%; 91,66%; 93,75%; 93,75%; 94,79%; 83,33%; 84,37% respectively. Conclusion: Considering the antibiogram, fosfomycin, nitrofurantoin, ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, gentamicin and amikacin should be preferred drugs for E. coli infection isolated from clinical samples.
Enterokoklar, gıda kontaminasyonundan sorumlu, mevcut virülansları ve çoklu ilaca dirençleri nedeniyle hastane ortamında salgın bir tehdit oluşturabilen fırsatçı patojenlerdir. Bu çalışma, pazarlarda satılan tulum peyniri örneklerindeki Enterococcus faecalis ( E. faecalis) kontaminasyonunu ve elde edilen izolatların 17 farklı antibiyotiğe karşı dirençliliklerini araştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Giresun İli, 8 sahil ilçesinde kurulan pazarlardan temin edilen toplam 50 adet tulum peynir örneği materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analiz sonuçlarına göre; 50 adet tulum peyniri örneğinin 15 (%30) tanesinin E. faecalis ile kontamine olduğu belirlenmiştir. PCR ile doğrulanan 15 E. faecalis izolatının, 6(%40)'sının tetrasiklin'e, 4(%26.6)'ünün rifampin'e, 4(%26.6)'ünün teikoplanin'ine, 3(%20)'ünün siprofloksasin'e, 3(%20)'ünün kloramfenikol'e, 2(%13.3)'sinin eritromisin'e, 2(%13.3)'sinin levofloksasin'e ve 2(%13.3)'sinin fosfomisin'e karşı dirençli olduğu belirlenmiştir. E. faecalis izolatlarında vankomisin direnci %93.3 olarak tespit edilmiştir. İzole edilen suşlarda yüksek düzey streptomisin direnci ve yüksek düzey gentamisin direnci saptanmamıştır. Elde edilen veriler sonucunda, peynir örneklerinde bu patojenin saptanması, halk sağlığını ciddi anlamda etkileyen potansiyel risk faktörü olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Çiftlikten sofraya kadar gelen süreçte; ürünlerin işlenmesi, tüketilmesi ve satışı sırasında gerekli hijyen tedbirlerinin alınması önerilmektedir.
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) has increased markedly in recent years, which has currently posed a major challenge in antimicrobial treatments and raised concerns regarding possible transfer of such bacteria through the food chain. The aim of this research was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli in milk, cheese and meat samples and to determine their virulence, pathotype, serotype, antibiotic resistance and genetic relatedness. A total of 300 food samples were purchased from public markets in different districts of Giresun city. Five (1.6%) of 300 food samples resulted positive for ESBL-producing E. coli isolation. β-Lactamase-encoding genes of the CTX-M (20%), TEM (40%), and SHV (20%) groups were detected singly or in combination. Five ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were further analysed for the presence of virulence genes. Virulence factor genes detected were hlyA (20%), ehlyA (20%), iutA (60%), iucD (40%), fimH (100%), kpsMTII (100%) and traT (100%). Of 130 E.coli isolates, 5 ESBL-producing E. coli strains (totally 3.8%) were isolated, including 3 EHEC (60%). No EIEC, ETEC, EPEC, DAEC or EAggEC3 was detected. In PCR, three stx2 (60%) and one flicH7 (20%) encoding genes were found in ESBL-producing E. coli isolates. In addition, genes encoding Shiga toxins were detected in 3 of 5 isolates, three isolates (60%) encoded O128 serotype.The antibiotic susceptibility test of positive isolates showed resistant to cefuroxime, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, cefazolin, streptomycin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, ampicillin and trimethoprim. Most of ESBL-producing E. coli isolates showed 80% MDR phenotypes against at least four classes of antibiotics. Specific-PCR detection of antibiotic resistance genes showed the prevalence of the tetA gene in most of the isolates (80%), followed by dfrA, qnr, aadA1 and sul1. PFGE results show that the isolates from different districts presented no clonal relatedness. This is the first report of the characteristics of multidrug resistance ESBL-producing shigatoxigenic E. coli in dairy and meat products in a local city in Turkey. Our findings indicate that dairy and meat products could be reservoirs of MDR ESBL-producing E. coli strains that were possessed several virulence factors and may be a cause of concern for human health.
Objective: A retrospective analysis of the widely used antibiotics all susceptibility testing results from Escherichia coli (E. coli) cultured from clinical specimens' private hospital (from January 2017 to November 2018) was performed. Methods: The VITEK 2 Compact automated microbiology system (bioMérieux) is designed for automated rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing and identification of clinically relevant bacteria. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) results previously obtained in recent clinical isolates with well-defined in isolates with well-characterized resistance mechanisms with the microdilution method were re-interpreted for the susceptible, intermediate and resistant categories using the 2018 EUCAST breakpoints. Clinical samples are most commonly isolated from blood, sputum and urine samples. Results: The results of resistance pattern of E. coli isolates in our locality to antimicrobial agents showed that the 64 E. coli strains tested against fifteen antimicrobial agents. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to piperacillin, ceftazidime and aztreonam 98%, 61% and 61% respectively. The most sensitive antibiotics were colistin, tigecycline, imipenem and meropenem. In the present study, 73% (47) of the isolates were resistant to at least three to fourteen antibiotics. All the isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. Thirtynine per cent of E. coli isolates were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Conclusion: Considering the antibiogram, imipenem and meropenem should be preferred drugs for E. coli infection isolated from clinical samples.
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