The resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics is increasing due to antibiotics with incorrect doses, wrong diagnostics, and the wrong target. Bacteria that have been resistant to several antibiotics are called multi-drug resistant organisms (MDRO) bacteria. Bacterial resistance to some antibiotics requires alternative herbal treatments, one of which is the Chromolaena odorata L. Research must therefore be conducted on the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract fraction of C. odorata L. leaves for MDRO bacteria, such as Staphylococcus lugdunensis methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL), and Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Kirinyuh leaves (C. odorata L.) and the antibacterial activity of the fractionation against MDRO bacteria. Test results of kirinyuh leaf ethanol extract for S. lugdunensis MRSA, P. aeruginosa ESBL, and K. pneumoniae ESBL bacteria each resulted in an inhibition zone with an average diameter of 11.6 mm (strong), 11.5 mm (strong), and 11.13 mm (strong), respectively. Testing the antibacterial activity of the ethanol fraction against MDRO bacteria can show antibacterial activity against all tested bacteria, namely Fraction 5. The results of the antibacterial activity of fraction 5 against K. pneumoniae ESBL, P. aeruginosa ESBL, and S. lugdunensis MRSA bacteria with the formation of inhibition zones formed of 10.2 mm (strong), 8.8 mm (moderate), and 7.9 mm (moderate), respectively. The results of thin-layer chromatography showed that the secondary metabolites contained in the fifth fraction were terpenoids, steroids, and flavonoids.
The research is aimed to: 1) describe the managerial supervision to improve the principals’ ability in constructing the RKJM; and 2) to improve the principals’ ability in constructing the RKJM for the principals at Gugus VII Durma UPTD Dikpora Kecamatan Jebres of Surakarta through the managerial supervision using group method. The research is an Action Research. The research was done at Gugus VII Durma UPTD Dikpora Kecamatan Jebres of Surakarta. The subject of the research were 5 principals. The data collecting method were done using document and observation techniques. The data analysis was done using path model of Kemmis and Taggart.The research concludes that: 1) the managerial supervision to improve the principals’ ability in constructing the RKJM was done as follows: (a) the planning was done in refer to the problems identification; (b) the supervisor and the principals agree the supervision schedule; (c) the supervisor provided the supervision materials in the form of office conference; (d) the supervisor asked the principals to correct the RKJM they made at the end of the sessions; and (e) the supervisor provided training in the indicators that are not mastered by the principals; and 2) the managerial supervision group method is effective in improving the principals’ ability in constructing the RKJM. It is demonstrated with the principals ability impovement in each cycles.
The research is aimed to: 1) describe the implementation of directive supervision to improve the classroom teachers in providing the guidance and counseling; and 2) to improve the classroom teachers ability in providing the the guidance and counseling for the teachers at Gugus IX Dhandhanggula UPTD Dikpora Kecamatan Jebres of Surakarta through the directive suprevision.The research is an action research. The research was done atGugus IX Dhandhanggula UPTD Dikpora Kecamatan Jebres of Surakarta in academic year 2012/2013. The subject of the research were 12 clasroom teachers. The data collecting method were done using interview and observation. The data analysis was done using path model from Kemmis and Taggart.The research concludes that: 1) the directive supervision to improve the classroom teachers ability in providing the the guidance and counseling was done as follows: (a) the supervisor socialize the supervision program to the teachers; (b) the supervisor arranged the supervision schedule; (c) the supervisor provide the supervision materials; (d) the supervisor provide the guidance and counseling simulation; and (e) the supervisor asses the teachers’ ability in providing the guidance and counseling; and 2) The directive supervision is effective in improving the classroom teachers ability in providing the the guidance and counseling. It is demonstrated with the improvement in the teachers’ scores in each cycles.
Penelitian ini mempunyai tujuan untuk mengembangkan Media Ular Tangga Nada & Irama (Arga Dai) sebagai pengenalan musik nusantara untuk kelas IV Sekolah Dasar, menguji kelayakan dan keefektifan media. Teknik purposive sampling digunakan untuk menentukan sampel penelitian. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian yaitu wawancara, angket, tes dan dokumentasi. Pengujian yang dilakukan untuk menilai media meliputi uji kelayakan dan uji keefektifan media. Data dianalisis meliputi analisis data awal berupa Uji normalitas data (Chi Kuadrat) dan analisis data akhir berupa Uji t serta Uji N-gain. Simpulan dalam penelitian yaitu produk divalidasi oleh ahli materi dan memperoleh skor persentase sebesar 93,75% dan oleh ahli media memperoleh skor persentase sebesar 90,62% termasuk dalam kriteria sangat layak. Angket tanggapan guru dan siswa pada media masing-masing sebesar skor persentase 95% dan 89,32%, atau termasuk dalam kriteria sangat layak. Keefektifan media diperoleh dengan menganalisis perbandingan perolehan tes awal dan tes akhir melalui uji-t berpasangan. Pengujian memperoleh nilai t_hitung = 14,68 >t_tabel = 2,079 maka H0 ditolak atau Ha diterima. Dalam bentuk kalimat dinyatakan media Ular Tangga Nada & Irama teruji efektif dan layak digunakan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar SBdP, khususnya pada materi lagu nusantara. Saran dalam penelitian ini adalah guru diharapkan mampu mengembangankan media serupa sebagai bentuk inovasi pengembangan media pembelajaran.
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