With successful extraction of growth factors and bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) from mammalian teeth, many researchers have supported development of a bone substitute using tooth-derived substances. Some studies have also expanded the potential use of teeth as a carrier for growth factors and stem cells. A broad overview of the published findings with regard to tooth-derived regenerative tissue engineering technique is outlined. Considering more than 100 published papers, our team has developed the protocols and techniques for processing of bone graft material using extracted teeth. Based on current studies and studies that will be needed in the future, we can anticipate development of scaffolds, homogenous and xenogenous tooth bone grafts, and dental restorative materials using extracted teeth.
The aim of this study is to estimate the increase of bone-inductive potency by human demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2). Human teeth were crushed, completely demineralized in 0.6M HCl, and freeze-dried. The tooth-derived material is called DDM. The shape of DDM was a particle type and its size varied from 0.4 to 0.8 mm. The BMP-2 dose-dependent study in the rat subcutaneous tissues demonstrated that the volume of induced bone and marrow increased at a dose-dependent manner. The time-course study of bone induction by the BMP-2 (5.0 μg)/DDM (70 mg) was estimated histologically and biochemically. Histological findings showed that the BMP-2/DDM increased bone and marrow sequentially between the DDM particles. Calcium content in the BMP-2/DDM-induced tissue was compatible to the histological findings. ALP activity in the BMP-2/DDM showed a maximal value at 1 week and gradually decreased. The morphometric analysis demonstrated that the BMP-2/DDM showed 66.9%, 79.0% in the volume of bone and marrow, and 32.4%, 21.0% in that of DDM at 8, 32 weeks, respectively. We confirmed that BMP-2 significantly accelerated bone formation in the acid-insoluble human-dentin carriers. These results indicate that human DDM should be an effective carrier for delivering BMP-2 and superior scaffold for bone-forming cells.
Dentin matrix is well known as the most insoluble collagen in human body. We already confirmed the osteoinductive property by granules of human demineralized dentin matrix (DDM) histologically. Human DDM granules and human demineralized rootdentin (DRD) mass were prepared from adult vital teeth. The hard tissue induction by DDM alone or DRD alone was estimated at 4 weeks after implantation. The DDM alone induced bone and cartilage independently. In addition, the bioassay by recombinant human BMP-2 (5.0 µg)/DDM or BMP-2 (5.0 µg)/DRD was estimated in mouse subcutaneous or intramuscular tissues, respectively. Histological examination showed that the BMP-2/DDM induced bone and marrow, and the DDM granules were partially absorbed by new bone. The morphometric analysis demonstrated that the BMP-2/DDM showed 36.3% in the volume of bone and marrow, while the DDM alone showed 1.3% at 4 weeks. Moreover, the BMP-2/DRD also induced active bone formation on the root surface and in the pulp cavity. These results indicate that BMP-2 significantly accelerated bone formation in decalcified dentin implants. Human recycled DDM and DRD might be effective materials as osteoinductive collagenous carriers of BMP-2 for bone engineering.
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