Guest Editor's Introduction: The granulocyte removal column was developed by Japan Immunoresearch Laboratories Co. based upon the hypothesis that the normalization of granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio would be beneficial for the treatment of cancer since the ratio is increased due to the cancer leukocytosis. The column consists of cellulose acetate beads with a diameter of 2 mm, which removes granulocytes and monocytes from blood with no significant changes in the number of lymphocytes or platelets. The clinical results for cancer treatment was less impressive than the animal experiments. Subsequently, however, the G‐1 Column was found very useful for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and rhumatoid arthritis. This paper describes the clinical application for cancer treatment, and was printed in Anticancer Research, vol. 15, page 985–990 (1995). This paper was reprinted here with permission. We assessed the effect of granulocyte apheresis in patients exhibiting increased granulocyte‐to‐lymphocyte ratio in order to overcome granulocytosis occurring in the terminal stages of malignancies. 17 patients with post‐operative recurrent metastatic tumors including 6 gastric, 3 colonic, 2 rectal, 1 esophageal and 5 breast cancers were selected. The granulocytapheresis was performed by extracorporeal vein‐to‐vein circulation equipped with an apheresis column filled with cellulose acetate beads. Each week the patients underwent one or two sessions of treatment that lasted 30 to 50 minutes per session at a flow rate of 30 to 50 ml/min. 15 sessions formed 1 therapeutic cycle. The effect of granulocytapheresis resulted in partial response (PR) in 4 cases, no change (NC) in 7 cases and partial disease (PD) in 6 cases. The performance status showed 30% remission. None of the patients exhibited significant side effects. Since the treatment demonstrated anti‐tumor effects, granulocytapheresis may be applied during combined cancer treatments.
Immunohistochemical distribution of [D-Ala2]deltorphin I (DADTI), a highly selective ligand for ƒÂ opioid receptors, was investigated in rat retina by using a specific antiserum. The antiserum against DADTI was raised in a rabbit by immunizing with a synthetic peptide (Tyr-D-Ala-Phe-Asp-Val-Val-Gly•ENH2) conjugated to poly-L-glutamate with water soluble carbodiimide. When examined by immunospot assay, the major epitope of the antiserum appeared to be in the C-terminal region containing Asp-Val-Val-Glu•ENH2, the sequence known to be responsible for opioid receptor selectivity. Immunohistochemically, DADTIlike-positive staining was found in some retinal amacrine cells situated in the inner nuclear layer. Their stained processes were distributed in the inner plexiform layer. In addition, a few positive cells, probably ectopic amacrine cells, were seen in the ganglion cell layer. Double immunostaining for DADTI and other neurotransmitters or neuropeptides revealed that 12.8% and 27.7% of DADTI-positive cells contained GABA and neuropeptide Y, respectively. However, DADTI-positive cells were seldom colocalized with somatostatin or tyrosine hydroxylase. The present study suggests that DADTI in retinal amacrine cells play role(s) functioning as an endogenous opioid peptide.
Treatment of rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) with triphenyltin chloride (TPTCl) inhibited chemiluminescence generation stimulated by particulate stimulus, zymosan, or soluble stimuli, concanavalin A + cytochalasin D. Superoxide anion (O-2) production was also inhibited, indicating that the inhibition involved inhibition of early oxidative metabolic process(es). The direct inhibition of the activation process of the oxidative burst was established by the experiments showing that a) chemiluminescence generated by xanthine oxidase-acetaldehyde system was not inhibited by TPTCl, b) washing the PMN after the treatment with TPTCl did not affect the results of chemiluminescence, and c) there was no change in cell viability after the treatment with TPTCl.
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