In this work, we present the results of the replacement of silver screen printing on heterojunction crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells with a copper metallization scheme that has the potential to reduce the manufacturing cost while improving their performance. We report for the first time silverfree heterojunction c-Si solar cells on 6-in. wafers. The conversion efficiency reached is a record 22.1% for c-Si technology for this wafer size (V oc ¼ 729 mV, J sc ¼ 38:3 mA/cm 2 , FF ¼ 79:1%). The total power generated is more than 5 W for 1-sun illumination, which is a world record. Heatdamp reliability tests show comparable performance for mini-modules fabricated with copper metalized as for conventional silver screen printed heterojunction c-Si solar cells. #
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