IntroductionThe tobacco product landscape has changed substantially. Little is known about the recent pattern of polytobacco use (at least two tobacco products) among US adults and its relationship to nicotine dependence.MethodsUsing the 2012–2013 and 2013–2014 National Adult Tobacco Survey (NATS) data (N = 135 425 adults), we analyzed the prevalence and correlates of polytobacco use among each of the six categories of current tobacco user (cigarettes, cigars, pipes, hookah, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco). Based on five nicotine dependence symptom measures from the NATS, difference in the prevalence of dependence symptoms between polytobacco and sole-product users for each category of tobacco user was assessed using multivariable regression analyses.ResultsDuring 2012–2014, 25.1% of adults were current users of any tobacco product. Among them, 32.5% were poly users with the largest poly use category being dual use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes (30.2%). Poly use prevalence was the lowest among current cigarette smokers (38.7%), followed by current users of smokeless tobacco (52.4%), hookah (59.2%), cigars (69.3%), e-cigarettes (80.9%), and pipes (86.2%). Among each category of current tobacco user, the prevalence of dependence symptom was consistently greater in polytobacco users than sole users for every symptom measure. After controlling for frequency of use and demographic covariates, the difference in nicotine dependence between poly users and sole users was statistically significant and consistent across all symptom measures for each category of tobacco user.ConclusionsBetween 52% and 86% of noncigarette tobacco users and nearly 40% of cigarette smokers engaged in polytobacco use. Poly users showed greater nicotine dependence than sole-product tobacco users.ImplicationsThis study examines recent patterns of polytobacco use separately for US adult current cigarette smokers, cigar smokers, pipe smokers, hookah users, e-cigarette users, and smokeless tobacco users. By including more tobacco products, particularly e-cigarettes and hookah, this study provides more comprehensive insight into polytobacco use. This study is also unique in comparing nicotine dependence between polytobacco and sole-product users among each category of tobacco users. Our results indicate that polytobacco use is very common and is associated with greater likelihood of reporting nicotine dependence symptoms. Tobacco cessation policies and programs should be tailored to address polytobacco use.

Studies investigating the relationship between maternal passive smoking and the risk of preterm birth have reached inconsistent conclusions. A birth cohort study that included 10,095 nonsmoking women who delivered a singleton live birth was carried out in Lanzhou, China, between 2010 and 2012. Exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of very preterm birth (<32 completed weeks of gestation; odds ratio = 1.98, 95% confidence interval: 1.41, 2.76) but not moderate preterm birth (32-36 completed weeks of gestation; odds ratio = 0.98, 95% confidence interval: 0.81, 1.19). Risk of very preterm birth increased with the duration of exposure (P for trend = 0.0014). There was no variability in exposures by trimester. The associations were consistent for both medically indicated and spontaneous preterm births. Overall, our findings support a positive association between passive smoking and the risk of very preterm birth.

A light-and mechanical-energy co-harvesting generator based on a dynamic metal/perovskite Schottky junction with output current density of 41.1 A/m 2 is reported, which reveals a nonlinear photo-enhanced effect related to the nonlinear interaction between the mechanical energy-induced bound back carriers and photo-generated carriers in dynamic metal/perovskite Schottky junction. Without obvious degradation when being bent 120 , the flexible Al/perovskite generator is promising for utilization as a flexible and portable power source.

Introduction: Tobacco use prevalence has been commonly estimated on a product by product basis and the extent of polytobacco use among current users of each tobacco product is not well understood. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, trends, and correlates of polytobacco use among current users of cigarettes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff in US adults aged ≥18. Methods: We used pooled data from the 1998, 2000, 2005, and 2010 Cancer Control Supplements of the National Health Interview Survey (N = 123 399 adults). Multivariate logistic regression models were estimated to determine significant factors associated with polytobacco use. Results: In 2010, the prevalence of polytobacco use was 8.6% among current cigarette smokers, 50.3% among current cigar users, 54.8% among current chewing tobacco users, and 42.5% among current snuff users. After controlling for other covariates, gender and race/ethnicity did not show consistent associations with poly-use across these four groups of current tobacco users; however, a positive association of young adulthood, less than high school education, and binge drinking with poly-use was consistently found among all these groups. Conclusions: Polytobacco use is extremely popular among current users of non-cigarette tobacco products. Polytobacco use patterns differ across sociodemographic subpopulations, and the gender and racial/ethnic profiles in poly-users vary across different groups of current tobacco users. Tobacco control strategies need to consider the interrelationships in the use of different tobacco products and the diverse profiles of poly-users in order to develop tailored tobacco prevention and intervention policies to further reduce the burden of tobacco use. 818Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 2016, Vol. 18, No. 5 use has been linked to oral and pharyngeal cancers, bladder and pancreatic cancer, oral leukoplakia, periodontal disease, and hypercholesterolemia.9-12 Because different tobacco products have potentially different levels of addiction and toxicity, 3 polytobacco use may be associated with increased risks of nicotine dependence, 13 adverse health effects, 14 and healthcare utilization compared with exclusive use of a single tobacco product. To evaluate the potential effects of polytobacco use on population health and health-related economic burden, it is crucial to understand the pattern of poly-use and the demographic profile of poly-users.The prevalence of tobacco use has been commonly estimated on a product by product basis in population-level surveillance studies, [15][16][17][18] and the extent of polytobacco use among current users of each tobacco product, especially non-cigarette product, is not well understood. In the literature of polytobacco use among US adults, except few recent studies which examined lifetime polytobacco use, , and relatively few studies estimated the prevalence of current polytobacco use among current users of all tobacco products combined (9.9%−12.1% of those aged ≥26 and 21.4%−24.6% of those aged 18−25), 39 ...

Nowadays, many different kinds of novel generators have been introduced to convert nature power into electrical power, such as mechanical energy, [1,2] hydraulic energy, [3] solar energy, [4,5] thermal energy, [6] etc. These generators all possess an electric field to output power, however, the large

Objective The goal of this study was to summarise the websites of electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) manufacturers in China and describe how they market their products. Methods From March to April 2013, we used two search keywords ‘electronic cigarette’ (Dian Zi Xiang Yan in Chinese) and ‘manufacturer’ (Sheng Chan Chang Jia in Chinese) to search e-cigarette manufacturers in China on Alibaba, an internet-based e-commerce business that covers business-to-business online marketplaces, retail and payment platforms, shopping search engine and data-centric cloud computing services. A total of 18 websites of 12 e-cigarette manufacturers in China were analysed by using a coding guide which includes 14 marketing claims. Results Health-related benefits were claimed most frequently (89%), followed by the claims of no secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure (78%), and utility for smoking cessation (67%). A wide variety of flavours, celebrity endorsements and e-cigarettes specifically for women were presented. None of the websites had any age restriction on access, references to government regulation or lawsuits. Instruction on how to use e-cigarettes was on 17% of the websites. Conclusions Better regulation of e-cigarette marketing messages on manufacturers’ websites is needed in China. The frequent claims of health benefits, smoking cessation, strategies appealing to youth and women are concerning, especially targeting women. Regulators should prohibit marketing claims of health benefits, no SHS exposure and value for smoking cessation in China until health-related, quality and safety issues have been adequately addressed. To avoid e-cigarette use for initiation to nicotine addiction, messages targeting youth and women should be prohibited.

Graphene with a series of neoteric electronic and optical properties is an intriguing building block for optoelectronic devices. Over the past decade, graphene‐based solar cells (SCs) and photodetectors (PDs) which can convert light signals to electrical signals have received burgeoning exploration. However, limited light absorption hampers the performance of these devices. Quantum dots (QDs) possess a strong confinement effect, a large exciton energy, and long exciton lifetime, enhancing the interaction between incident light and graphene. Especially, as the density of states near the Dirac point of graphene is ultralow, it is easy to modify the Fermi level of graphene by inserting quantum dots at the interface between graphene and light, thereby enhancing the performance of graphene‐based optoelectronic devices. The characteristics of QDs and crucial physical mechanisms of the interaction and energy transfer in QDs/graphene nanohybrids are systematically addressed. The factors influencing the efficiency of energy transfer are also analyzed quantitatively. Moreover, the experimental process of QD‐enhanced technologies for SCs, photoconductors, phototransistors, and photodiode PDs is reviewed. Eventually, a conclusion is given and the remaining challenges and future development for QDs/2D materials hybrid systems is discussed. Possible steps toward large‐scale commercial applications and integration into optoelectronic networks are suggested.

BackgroundThe osteo-immunomodulatory properties of biomaterials play an important role in the outcomes of bone regeneration. Graphene oxide (GO) has been widely applied in many research fields due to its unique properties. However, the immunomodulatory properties of GO as a biomaterial for bone tissue engineering are still unclear.Materials and methodsIn this study, we evaluated the Inflammatory response of RAW264.7 cells influenced by GO. Then the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and angiogenic differentiation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by stimulation with GO/RAW 264.7-conditioned culture medium were accessed. We also further investi gated the possible mechanisms underlying the osteo- and angio-immunomodulatory effects of GO.ResultsOur results showed that GO stimulates the secretion of oncostatin M, tumor necrosis factor alpha and other factors through the nuclear factor-κB pathway. GO/RAW264.7-conditioned medium promoted the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, stimulated upregulation of the HUVECs of vascular-related receptors, and promoted their tube formation in vitro.ConclusionIn conclusion, our research shows that GO, as a biomaterial, can induce the formation of a beneficial osteo-immunomodulatory environment and is a promising biomaterial for bone tissue engineering.