Ground fennel seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Small-scale subsequent extractions of the same sample showed that the composition of volatile compounds was changed with the extension of extraction time and only principal volatile components (limonene, fenchone, methylchavicol, and anethole) were present in the last-extracted sample. Fennel oil was successfully fractionated into the essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products in pilot-scale apparatus using two separators in series. Designed experiments were carried out to map the effects of pressure and temperature in the first separator on the yields and compositions of the products. The minimum level of the total undesired components in both essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products appeared at a pressure of 80-84 bar and a temperature of 31-35 degrees C in the first separator. Supercritical CO(2) extraction of fennel seeds resulted in higher yield (10.0%) than steam distillation (3.0%), almost the same yield as hexane extraction (10.6%), and lower yield than alcohol extraction (15.4%). Analysis of the volatile compounds revealed the significant difference of the composition in distilled oil and oleoresins prepared by CO(2) and solvent extractions. Sensory evaluation showed that the CO(2) extraction product and distilled oil were more intense in odor and taste than alcohol and hexane extracts.
The effect of different parameters (extraction method, temperature, time, solvent) on the extraction efficiency of LSD from impregnated papers has been investigated. Designed experiments have been applied according to the Plackett-Burman method. For the quantitative determination of LSD reversed phase ion-pair chromatography has been used with UV detection. The experimental conditions assuring maximal LSD recovery have been determined, as well as the constant and proportional bias of the extraction procedure elaborated.
Abstract.A new analytical procedure based on the derivatization of amphetamine with Sanger's reagent (2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene) and a subsequent circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis are proposed for the determination of amphetamine enantiomers. The main advantage of the approach is the fact that the new synthetized derivative can be detected in the visible wavelength region with significantly better sensitivity than the original amphetamine. This allows a reliable determination of the optical isomers of the amphetamine without the need of separation from some of the most frequently occurring additives such as caffeine and lactose in the case of illicit drugs, or auxiliary materials in the case of legal amphetamine containing preparations.
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