Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction and Fractionation of Fennel Oil

Abstract

Ground fennel seeds were extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Small-scale subsequent extractions of the same sample showed that the composition of volatile compounds was changed with the extension of extraction time and only principal volatile components (limonene, fenchone, methylchavicol, and anethole) were present in the last-extracted sample. Fennel oil was successfully fractionated into the essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products in pilot-scale apparatus using two separators in series. Designed experiments were carried out to map the effects of pressure and temperature in the first separator on the yields and compositions of the products. The minimum level of the total undesired components in both essential oil rich and fatty oil rich products appeared at a pressure of 80-84 bar and a temperature of 31-35 degrees C in the first separator. Supercritical CO(2) extraction of fennel seeds resulted in higher yield (10.0%) than steam distillation (3.0%), almost the same yield as hexane extraction (10.6%), and lower yield than alcohol extraction (15.4%). Analysis of the volatile compounds revealed the significant difference of the composition in distilled oil and oleoresins prepared by CO(2) and solvent extractions. Sensory evaluation showed that the CO(2) extraction product and distilled oil were more intense in odor and taste than alcohol and hexane extracts.

Construction of a supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) equipment: validation using annatto and fennel and extract analysis by thin layer chromatography coupled to image

“…The purpose of this paper is to make the construction details widely available to the scientific community and to describe the processes that were used to validate the equipment. To validate the equipment, two raw materials for which experimental data are available in literature were used (Albuquerque & Meireles, 2012;Coelho et al, 2003;Moraes et al, 2015;Moura et al, 2005;Reverchon et al, 1999;Simándi et al, 1999). The two materials have different characteristics: (i) annatto (Bixa orellana L.) has the presence of a lipidic fraction that is rich in tocotrienols and a terpenic fraction containing geranilgeraniol, and (ii) sweet fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) contains a lipidic fraction and a terpenic fraction, but in this case, formed by a mixture of terpenes (Moura et al, 2005).…”

“…The conditions in separators 1 (80 bar, 312 K) and 2 (20 bar, 279 K) were adapted from the works of Coelho et al (2003) and Simándi et al (1999). After 60 minutes of extraction, the extracts were stored at 255 K for later analyses.…”

Hepatoprotective Models and Various Natural Product Used in Hepatoprotective Agents: a Review

“…[49] Volatile components of fennel seed extracts by chromatographic analysis include transanethole ( Figure 18), fenchone ( Figure 19), methylchavicol, limonene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene ( Figure 20), α-phellandrene, 3-carene, camphor, and cisanethole. [50] Hepatoprotective activity of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) essential oil was studied using a carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model in rats. [51] The hepatotoxicity produced by chronic carbon tetrachloride administration was found to be inhibited by Foeniculum vulgare essential oil with evidence of decreased levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase and Billirubin.…”

Investigation of the anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic activity and median lethal dose (ld50) level of limonene in mice and rats

“…demonstrated by our previous scientific studies [3][4][5][6][7] . The volatile components of subsequent fennel seed extracts determined by chromatographic analysis contain trans-anethole, fenchone, methylchavicol, limonene, α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, α-phellandrene, 3-carene, camphor, and cisanethole 8 . The major components of essential oil samples are α-pinene, limonene, fenchone, methychavicol and trans-anethole This study reported that limonene attenuates the gastric carcinogenesis enhanced by sodium chloride via increased apoptosis and decreased ODC activity in gastric cancers 10 .…”