In this paper the user effects on mobile terminal antennas at 28 GHz are statistically investigated with the parameters of body loss, coverage efficiency and power in the shadow. The data are obtained from the measurements of 12 users in data and talk modes, with the antenna placed on the top and bottom of the chassis. In the measurements, the users hold the phone naturally. The radiation patterns and shadowing regions are also studied. It is found that a significant amount of power can propagate into the shadow of the user by creeping waves and diffractions. A new metric is defined to characterize this phenomenon. A mean body loss of 3.2-4 dB is expected in talk mode, which is also similar to the data mode with the bottom antenna. A body loss of 1 dB is expected in data mode with the top antenna location. The variation of the body loss between the users at 28 GHz is less than 2 dB, which is much smaller than that of the conventional cellular bands below 3 GHz. The coverage efficiency is significantly reduced in talk mode, but only slightly affected in data mode.

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The goal of this paper is to propose a new antenna array architecture, that aims to solve the most known limitations of phased antenna arrays, resulting a good candidate for next 5G mobile handsets. The architecture consists of five Quasi-Yagi antennas printed on the short edge of a Roger RO3003 substrate, pointing different directions, and a switch to feed each antenna and steer the beam. Simulations prove that the antenna array can cover the angle of over 180 • with high gain over the frequency range from 26 to 40 GHz. Alternative designs to make the structure more compact further demonstrate the validity of the concept. The optimized corner array of four elements is fabricated and passive and active measurements are performed with the MVG Starlab 50 GHz. The results of the passive measurements are in accordance with the simulations and show that the proposed Quasi-Yagi antenna array has large coverage over the whole bandwidth and peak gain of 8 dBi at 28 and 38 GHz. The active measurements of the array connected to the FEM and integrated in the phone-case further confirm the radiation properties of the switchable antenna array at 28 GHz in a quasi-real scenario.

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Millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency bands are promising candidate spectrum for the fifthgeneration (5G) mobile communication system, but it requires high directional antenna systems to be applied to the base station and the user equipment (UE) for compensating the high path loss. Due to the randomness of mobile wireless channels, antenna systems in a mobile UE must own a large spherical coverage, which raises new challenges for the performance characterization of 5G mmWave UEs. In the latest specification of the Third-Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the requirement on UE's spherical coverage in mmWave frequencies is defined, which is evaluated with the cumulative distribution function of the effective isotropic radiated power. In this paper, the spherical coverage of mmWave UEs is characterized based on the specification of 3GPP, where the impact of device integration, antenna topologies, and user body blockage on the spherical coverage of UE will be analyzed with simulation and measurement results.

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