Exposure to RF EMF From Array Antennas in 5G Mobile Communication Equipment

Thors, Björn; Colombi, Davide; Ying, Zhinong; Bolin, Thomas; Törnevik, Christer

doi:10.1109/access.2016.2601145

Cited by 114 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…For example, Wireless Gigabit (WiGig) products, which operate at frequencies in 60 GHz band, are now commercially available, with additional MMW frequency bands expected to be used in the fifth generation wireless communication technologies [1][2][3]. Industrial development of 60 GHz technology and user expectations have increased concomitantly.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Kojima

Suzuki

Sasaki

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

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The objective of this study was to develop a model of ocular damage induced by 40, 75, and 95 GHz continuous millimeter waves (MMW), thereby allowing assessment of the clinical course of ocular damage resulting from exposure to thermal damage-inducing MMW. This study also examined the dependence of ocular damage on incident power density. Pigmented rabbit eyes were exposed to 40, 75, and 95 GHz MMW from a spot-focus-type lens antenna. Slight ocular damage was observed 10 min after MMW exposure, including reduced cornea thickness and reduced transparency. Diffuse fluorescein staining around the pupillary area indicated corneal epithelial injury. Slit-lamp examination 1 day after MMW exposure revealed a round area of opacity, accompanied by fluorescence staining, in the central pupillary zone. Corneal edema, indicative of corneal stromal damage, peaked 1 day after MMW exposure, with thickness gradually subsiding to normal. Three days after exposure, ocular conditions had almost normalized, though corneal thickness was slightly greater than that before exposure. The 50% probability of ocular damage (DD 50 ) was in the order 40 > 95 ≈ 75 GHz at the same incident power densities. J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves (2018) 39:912-925 https://doi

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Kojima

Suzuki

Sasaki

et al. 2018

J Infrared Milli Terahz Waves

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Notably, the use of new frequency bands below and above 6 GHz, as well as the need for a denser base station infrastructure, and the proposed waiving of or reduction in precautionary limits in some countries are intensifying the debate. Frequency bands above 6 GHz will be opened for 5G, which require additional risk assessment research [1][2][3][4][5][6]. However, the first 5G network installations will make use only of frequencies below 6 GHz, the frequency range that has been utilized for wireless communications for the past two decades.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios

2020

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In this study, the total electromagnetic dose, i.e., the combined dose from fixed antennas and mobile devices, was estimated for a number of hypothetical network topologies for implementation in Switzerland to support the deployment of fifth generation (5G) mobile communication systems while maintaining exposure guidelines for public safety. In this study, we consider frequency range 1 (FR1) and various user scenarios. The estimated dose in hypothetical 5G networks was extrapolated from measurements in one of the Swiss 4G networks and by means of Monte Carlo analysis. The results show that the peak dose is always dominated by an individual’s mobile phone and, in the case of non-users, by the bystanders’ mobile phones. The reduction in cell size and the separation of indoor and outdoor coverage can substantially reduce the total dose by >10 dB. The introduction of higher frequencies in 5G mobile networks, e.g., 3.6 GHz, reduces the specific absorption rate (SAR) in the entire brain by an average of −8 dB, while the SAR in the superficial tissues of the brain remains locally constant, i.e., within ±3 dB. Data from real networks with multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) were not available; the effect of adaptive beam-forming antennas on the dose will need to be quantitatively revisited when 5G networks are fully established.

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“…So far, some studies related to the design of massive MIMO (multiple input multiple output) 5G networks have only addressed the downlink (DL) EMF exposure level resulting from the transmission of the base stations (BS) towards the users. In [6,7], the authors addressed the DL EMF exposure due to an array of 100 antennas (10 × 10) in the context of 5G. The authors in [8] proposed a statistical approach proving that the realistic EMF compliance boundary due to the DL transmissions of a massive MIMO BS is half-reduced compared to the one obtained with the traditional method.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

et al. 2019

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The rapid development of the number of wireless broadband devices requires that the induced uplink exposure be addressed during the design of the future wireless networks, in addition to the downlink exposure due to the transmission of the base stations. In this paper, the positions and power levels of massive MIMO-LTE (Multiple Input Multiple Output-Long Term Evolution) base stations are optimized towards low power consumption, low downlink and uplink electromagnetic exposure and maximal user coverage. A suburban area in Ghent, Belgium has been considered. The results show that the higher the number of BS antenna elements, the fewer number of BSs the massive MIMO network requires. This leads to a decrease of the downlink exposure (−12% for the electric field and −32% for the downlink dose) and an increase of the uplink exposure (+70% for the uplink dose), whereas both downlink and uplink exposure increase with the number of simultaneous served users (+174% for the electric field and +22% for the uplink SAR). The optimal massive MIMO network presenting the better trade-off between the power consumption, the total dose and the user coverage has been obtained with 37 64-antenna BSs. Moreover, the level of the downlink electromagnetic exposure (electric field) of the massive MIMO network is 5 times lower than the 4G reference scenario.

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Exposure to RF EMF From Array Antennas in 5G Mobile Communication Equipment

Cited by 114 publications

References 4 publications

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Ocular Effects of Exposure to 40, 75, and 95 GHz Millimeter Waves

Total Local Dose in Hypothetical 5G Mobile Networks for Varied Topologies and User Scenarios

Multi-Objective Optimization of Massive MIMO 5G Wireless Networks towards Power Consumption, Uplink and Downlink Exposure

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