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Abstract-Using the metric actual diversity gain (ADG), diversity performance is investigated for a compact mobile terminal prototype with two internal, triple frequency band antennas in four different cases of user interaction. ADG is presented as a preferred alternative to apparent diversity gain and effective diversity gain. Absorption due to user proximity causes degradation and imbalance in mean effective gain of the antennas over the frequency bands, contributing to a degradation in diversity performance. However, user-induced changes in the antenna patterns cause a decrease in correlation in the low frequency band, which facilitates increased diversity gain. The study reveals that a significant net diversity gain, i.e., ADG of 5-8 dB compared to a single antenna prototype, can be achieved using multiband antennas in the proximity of a user, even at low frequencies for antennas with high mutual coupling.

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In this paper we investigate the feasibility of using microwave frequencies for fixed non-line-of-sight wireless backhauling connecting small-cell radio base stations with an aggregation node in an outdoor urban environment, i.e. a typical heterogeneous network scenario. We study system level simulations for a point-to-point system where the wave propagation is based on diffraction over rooftops. We further investigate the effects of carrier frequency, interference, antenna height, rain, and tolerance to antenna alignment errors. It is found that the higher frequencies offer not only larger bandwidths but also higher antenna gains which would ideally work to their advantage. However, these advantages may be lost when taking antenna alignment errors and rain into account. Different frequencies simply have their different trade-offs.