Objectives
To assess the measurement invariance quality of a short-item employee work assessment questionnaire across key subgroups of pharmaceutical executives.
Methods
A cross-sectional study with data collected using a nine-item structured questionnaire randomly administered to 406 pharmaceutical executives in Nigeria. Structural equation modelling using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 24, and criteria for invariance were absolute change in goodness-of-fit criteria and chi-square test at P < 0.05.
Key findings
Results showed gender [men (n = 293, 72%), women (n = 113, 28%)], [pharmacist (n = 117, 28.8%, non-pharmacist (n = 289, 71.2%)], company type [indigenous (n = 249, 61%), multinational (n = 157, 39%)], and industry experience [low experience; ≤10 years (n = 363, 89%), high experience: ≥10 years (n = 43, 11%)]. Model-fit and construct validity of the instrument were satisfactory. Configural, metric, scalar, and residual invariance of the instrument were confirmed across gender, professional training, and experience levels. Only configural and metric invariance were attained for company type.
Conclusions
The developed questionnaire is adequate for assessing pharmacy workforce perception across multiple demographic groups. Invariance testing and reporting are beneficial in social, administrative, and behavioural pharmacy research.
In developing countries, there is arguably little or no research study done to evaluate the outcome of path analysis of Job satisfaction (JS), Job motivation (JM), Perceived organizational support (POS), and Turnover Intentions (TIs) on sales professionals in the pharmaceutical marketing industry, using structural equation modeling techniques (SEM). The objective of the study was to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of the relationship between Job satisfaction (JS), Job motivation (JM), Perceived organization support (POS), and Turnover intentions (TI). TI was operationalized as an Intention-to-leave firm for another in the same Industry (TWI) and Intention-to-leave industry entirely (TWO).
Aim/purpose – The study was based on social exchange theory and addressed the effects of firm-based organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) on normative and con- tinuance organizational commitment (OC). Multigroup behavioral differences among pharmaceutical executives were also evaluated. Design/methodology/approach – This study employed an empirical, explanatory cross- -sectional study with online questionnaires administered to four hundred and one randomly selected pharmaceutical executives in Nigeria. The covariance-based structural equation modeling technique was used for testing hypotheses. Firm-based OCB domains – conscientiousness, sportsmanship, and civic virtue were regressed on OC domains of continuance, and normative. The hypothesized effects of firm-based OCB on the domains of OC were examined using Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS). Findings – The structural model had acceptable fit measures. Conscientiousness and sportsmanship behaviors were negatively related to normative OC while civic virtue had a positive significant relationship with normative OC. Multigroup comparisons based on gender, profession, and type of organization revealed significant effects on the relations between civic virtue and normative OC. Employees highly vested with enhancing and representing their company’s image, tend to be more obligated to continue and remain with the organization. The more self-directed, and less-complaining employees are, the lower the tendency to remain with the organization. The nuances of group differences among employees had an impact on examined relationships. Research implications – Human resource managers should adequately stimulate and motivate employees to be ambassadors of the organization. This is achievable by instil- ling a sense of ownership and loyalty in employees. Further implications are discussed. Originality/value/contribution – The study disentangled the relations between OCB and OC in the context of pharmaceutical executives in a developing country. The study highlighted the essence of group-specific differences in behavioral evaluation among pharmaceutical executives. Keywords: organizational citizenship behavior, normative commitment, continuance com- mitment, pharmaceutical industry, structural equation modeling, social exchange theory. JEL Classification: C38, D21, D23.
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