An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Work-Attributes of Pharmaceutical Sales Workforce during COVID-19 Lockdown

Oamen, Theophilus Ehidiamen

doi:10.33094/26410249.2021.31.11.27

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…1. The use of CFA is essential to confirm the validity of the factor structure of constructs developed from apriori theory and the output of exploratory factor analysis [10,12,13,20]. 1.…”

Section: Implications and Recommendation Of The Study To Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several authors have provided guidelines and recommendations on the use of SEM in evaluating the validity of constructs and models [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. However, the availability of guidelines for the use of SEM among researchers in social, behavioral, and administrative pharmacy is still nascent and evolving [10][11][12][13]. SEM is a group of multivariate quantitative statistical techniques with a broad range of capabilities for developing and testing relationships between variables.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Exploring and Validating Performance Measurement Domains of Community Pharmacists Using Structural Equation Modeling: Implications and Recommendations for Research

Oamen

Lawal²

2023

JSRR

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Background: Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a widely used quantitative technique among social and management science researchers. Self-reported questionnaires are in prevalent use among researchers in pharmacy management. But validity and measurement invariance measures of questionnaires are not commonly reported in research studies. Objectives: To determine the construct validity and invariance validity of the research instrument. To provide guidelines for applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in pharmacy management research. Methods: A cross-sectional study with an anonymously structured questionnaire randomly administered to six hundred community pharmacists in southwestern, Nigeria. The CFA algorithm in SEM software was used to develop a measurement model and test hypotheses. Results: The measurement model satisfied the model and construct validity benchmarks. The measurement invariance parameters were adequate. Conclusion: The study concluded that the theoretically developed constructs- economic, operational, and social performance were valid representations of theory. Mandatory inclusion of validity and measurement invariance test reporting in pharmacy management research is advocated.

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“…1. The use of CFA is essential to confirm the validity of the factor structure of constructs developed from apriori theory and the output of exploratory factor analysis [10,12,13,20]. 1.…”

Section: Implications and Recommendation Of The Study To Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring and Validating Performance Measurement Domains of Community Pharmacists Using Structural Equation Modeling: Implications and Recommendations for Research

Oamen

Lawal²

2023

JSRR

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“…Several studies have shown that there have been effects on both work life and the characteristics of job roles [Elbeddini & Yeats, 2020;Bashir et al, 2021;Oamen, 2021a;Oamen, 2021b]. Hence, there is a need to investigate the explored factors in a previous study by Oamen [Oamen, 2021c] to confirm the validity of the structural model using CFA. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate the 13-item questionnaire on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives involved in pharmaceutical marketing in Nigeria.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the purpose of this study was to validate the 13-item questionnaire on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives involved in pharmaceutical marketing in Nigeria. The initial EFA study produced an 11-item pattern matrix composed of 3 factors namely: F1 (sales-related), F2 (communication/access-related), and F3 (COVID-related activities) [Oamen, 2021c]. Therefore, a CFA is required to validate the proposed model of the exploratory study.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Work Attributes of Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives during COVID-19 in Nigeria

Oamen¹,

Moshood²

2021

British Journal of Management and Marketing Studies

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) study on the work attributes of pharmaceutical sales executives in Nigeria using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and furthermore to evaluate the relative importance of the work attributes. An analytical study design used a 13-item, 5-point Likert scale questionnaire administered to 226 pharmaceutical sales executives using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) with a significance level set at p<0.05. The measurement model was evaluated using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit criteria measures for CFA were satisfactory (CMIN/df=2.297; NFI=0.017; TLI=0.905; CFI=0.950; RMSEA=0.064). The study showed that the most dominant attribute was involvement in community education programs with a regression coefficient of 0.892, and the least was limited access to customers (0.446). Convergent validity measures were acceptable. Divergent validity can be enhanced by including more items. The study confirmed the validity of the EFA study outcomes obtained from the previous research work.

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Assessing Implicit Causes of Fast-Food Demand Fluctuation Through Facilitating an Exploratory Factor Analysis

Uddin¹,

Sakaline²,

Meem³

et al. 2021

AJAMS

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An Exploratory Factor Analysis of Work-Attributes of Pharmaceutical Sales Workforce during COVID-19 Lockdown

Cited by 4 publications

References 24 publications

Exploring and Validating Performance Measurement Domains of Community Pharmacists Using Structural Equation Modeling: Implications and Recommendations for Research

Exploring and Validating Performance Measurement Domains of Community Pharmacists Using Structural Equation Modeling: Implications and Recommendations for Research

Confirmatory Factor Analysis of Work Attributes of Pharmaceutical Sales Representatives during COVID-19 in Nigeria

Assessing Implicit Causes of Fast-Food Demand Fluctuation Through Facilitating an Exploratory Factor Analysis

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