Background: Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a widely used quantitative technique among social and management science researchers. Self-reported questionnaires are in prevalent use among researchers in pharmacy management. But validity and measurement invariance measures of questionnaires are not commonly reported in research studies.
Objectives: To determine the construct validity and invariance validity of the research instrument. To provide guidelines for applying confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in pharmacy management research.
Methods: A cross-sectional study with an anonymously structured questionnaire randomly administered to six hundred community pharmacists in southwestern, Nigeria. The CFA algorithm in SEM software was used to develop a measurement model and test hypotheses.
Results: The measurement model satisfied the model and construct validity benchmarks. The measurement invariance parameters were adequate.
Conclusion: The study concluded that the theoretically developed constructs- economic, operational, and social performance were valid representations of theory. Mandatory inclusion of validity and measurement invariance test reporting in pharmacy management research is advocated.
The study examined the effects of instructional aids on Secondary Schools Students' Academic Achievement in Economics in Kwara State. Quasi-experimental design was used to execute the study. Two public secondary schools were randomly selected for the study. One hundred and twenty five students were purposefully selected from the two randomly selected public secondary schools in the study area. The students selected from the two schools were assigned to two groups in which one group was assigned to experimental and the other to control. The students in the experimental group were taught using instructional aids for six weeks by the researchers. Data were collected through Economics Achievement Test (EAT) designed by the researchers. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA). The study showed a significant difference in achievement mean scores of students in the experimental and control groups; and a non-significant interaction effect of gender and treatment on achievement mean scores of the students. It was therefore recommended that; students should corroborate the efforts of teachers in the provision of local instructional aids to enhance learning and promote academic performance in schools; and that teachers should always try their best to make use of available instructional materials where necessary to make their lessons more interesting.
The study examined the influence of parenting styles on social adjustment and academic achievement of adolescents in selected secondary schools in Ogun Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State. Two hundred and forty secondary school students participated in the study. The sample of students was selected from eight secondary schools in Ogun Waterside Local Government Area of Ogun State. Descriptive survey design was used to execute the study. Data were collected through questionnaires and achievement test. The data were analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The study showed that there is significant difference in social adjustment of adolescents from autocratic, democratic and permissive parenting homes. It revealed that adolescents from democratic homes adjust better in social situations than their counterparts from autocratic and permissive homes. The study also showed significant differences in academic achievement of adolescents from autocratic, democratic and permissive parenting homes. It revealed that democratic style of parenting influence academic performance more positively better than autocratic and permissive parenting style.
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