Adolescents with HIV/AIDS exhibited a similar eating pattern to that of adolescents in the general population: high consumption of added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium, and insufficient ingestion of whole grains and fruits. Special attention should be paid to the diet of adolescents with HIV/AIDS, who are at greater risk of developing cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of overweight, analyze its progression from 1989 to 2006 and identify factors associated with it among children younger than two years in Brazil.Methods: Data for the Women and Children National Demography and Health Survey (PNDS 2006) were collected using questionnaires and anthropometric measurements. The study sample included 1,735 children aged 0 to 24 months (910 boys; 825 girls). Nutritional status was defined according to the weight-for-height index (W/H; WHO, 2006), and children were classified as overweight if their W/H z score was greater than +2.Results: Prevalence of overweight in Brazil was 6.54%. The highest prevalence of overweight was found in the southern (10.0%) and midwestern (11.1%) regions, among families with a per capita income higher than one minimum wage (11.8%), in social classes with a greater purchasing power (9.7%), among children whose birth weight was greater than 3 kg (8.04%) and whose exclusive breastfeeding lasted less than five months (7.4%). According to a fitted multiple logistic regression model, factors associated with overweight were: birth weight ≥ 3 kg [odds ratio (OR) = 5.2, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 2.56-10.56], per capita income ≥ 1 minimum wage (OR = 2.50, 95%CI 1.20-5.21), residence in midwestern region (OR = 2.40, 95%CI 1.01-5.72). Conclusions:The comparison of the prevalence found in the 2006 survey with the 1989 and 1996 values revealed that overweight among children younger than two years tends to decrease. The risk factors identified suggest that further actions should be conducted to prevent obesity among infants living in the midwestern region of Brazil, whose birth weight was greater than 3 kg and whose families had a per capita income higher than one minimum wage. Resultados: A prevalência de excesso de peso no país foi de 6,5%. Maiores prevalências foram observadas nas regiões Sul (10,0%) e Centro-Oeste (11,1%), nas famílias com renda per capita superior a um salário mínimo (11,8%), nas classes sociais de maior poder aquisitivo (9,7%), em crianças com peso ao nascer superior a 3 kg (8,04%) e com tempo de amamentação exclusiva inferior a 5 meses (7,4%). A regressão logística múltipla evidenciou como fatores associados: peso ao nascer ≥ 3 kg [odds ratio (OR) = 5,20; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) 2,56-10,56], renda per capita ≥ um salário mínimo (OR = 2,50; IC95% 1,20-5,21) e residir na macrorregião Centro-Oeste (OR = 2,40; IC95% 1,01-5,72). J Pediatr (Rio J) Conclusões:Comparando a prevalência de 6,5% encontrada no inquérito de 2006 com os anteriores de 1989 e 1996, evidencia-se que o excesso de peso em menores de 2 anos apresenta tendência de decréscimo. Os fatores de risco identificados apontam para a necessidade de intensificar ações de prevenção da obesidade junto aos lactentes residentes na Região Centro-Oeste, aos nascidos com mais de 3 kg e aos pertencentes a famílias com renda per capita superior a um salário mínimo. J Pediatr (Rio J)

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Fatores associados ao tempo livre de candidíase oral em crianças vivendo com HIV/AIDS, São Paulo, Brasil Factores asociados al tiempo libre y la candidiasis oral en niños que viven con VIH/SIDA, São Paulo, Brasil

Objective:To assess the prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents with HIV/AIDS, as well as associated factors.Methods:Ninety-one adolescents (from 10 to 19 years old) with HIV/AIDS who are patients at a university follow-up service were interviewed. Anthropometric data (weight, height, and waist circumference) were measured twice; clinical information was obtained from medical records, and habitual physical activity was assessed by a questionnaire proposed by Florindo et al. The cutoff point for sedentariness was 300 minutes/week.Results:The prevalence of inadequate height for age, malnutrition, and overweight/obesity was 15.4%, 9.9% and 12.1%, respectively. The most common physical activities were soccer (44.4%), volleyball (14.4%) and cycling (7.8%). The median times spent with physical activity and walking/bicycling to school were 141 min and 39 min, respectively. Most adolescents (71.4%) were sedentary and this proportion was higher among girls (p=0.046).Conclusions:A high prevalence of physical inactivity among adolescents with HIV/AIDS was observed, similar to the general population. Promoting physical activity among adolescents, especially among girls with HIV/AIDS, as well as monitoring it should be part of the follow-up routine of these patients.

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Objective The objective of this study was to evaluate the incidence of nosocomial infection and the impact of cross-transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among inpatients at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study involving inpatients admitted to a tertiary university hospital in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, between March 2020 and February 2021. Cases were identified on the basis of a positive reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction result for SARS-CoV-2 and the review of electronic medical records. Nosocomial transmission was defined by applying the criteria established by the Brazilian National Health Regulatory Agency. Results We identified 2146 cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection, 185 (8.6%) of which were considered cases of nosocomial transmission. The mean age was 58.3 years. The incidence density was 1.78 cases per 1,000 patient-days on the general wards, being highest on the cardiac surgery ward, and only 0.16 per 1,000 patient-days on the COVID-19 wards. Of the 185 patients evaluated, 115 (62.2%) were men, 150 (81.1%) cases had at least one comorbidity, and 104 (56.2%) evolved to death. Conclusions Despite the preventive measures taken, nosocomial transmission of SARS-CoV-2 occurred throughout our hospital. Such measures should be intensified when the incidence of community transmission peaks.

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