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We determined the regional distribution of the dopamine D2 receptor group in the rat central nervous system by quantitative receptor autoradiography with a high-affinity and selective antagonist, [3H]YM-09151-2. Saturation and competition experiments demonstrated that the binding of [3H]YM-09151-2 to striatal sections was saturable (Bmax = 37.3 fmol/section), of high affinity (Kd = 0.315 nM), and was inhibited selectively by prototypic D2 ligands. The anatomical localization of binding sites was determined by comparison of autoradiograms and the original 3H-ligand-exposed sections stained with cresyl violet. Very high levels of [3H]YM-09151-2 binding were found in the caudate-putamen, nucleus accumbens, tuberculum olfactorium and the insula of Calleja, to each of which midbrain dopaminergic neurons project densely. High levels of binding were also observed in other regions rich in dopaminergic neurons and fibers including the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, the intermediate lobe of the pituitary, lateral septum, substantia nigra pars compacta, interfascicular nucleus, dorsal raphe nucleus, locus coeruleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. Some regions poor in dopaminergic innervation, however, had high levels of [3H]YM-09151-2 binding including the molecular layer of gyrus dentatus, all layers of CA1 and the nonpyramidal layer of CA4 of hippocampus, and the deeper layer of medial entorhinal cortex. Motor neurons present in brainstem motor nuclei and spinal ventral horn were also strongly labeled. Neocortical, cerebellar, and thalamic regions had low levels of binding, except lobules 9-10 of the cerebellum, the olivary pretectal nucleus, zona incerta and lateral mammillary nucleus, in which moderate to high levels of binding were detected. Our findings concerning the widespread but region-specific localization of [3H]YM-09151-2 binding sites in the brain and spinal cord may prove useful for analyzing various dopaminergic functions in the central nervous system.

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The reliability and validity of the Japanese version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (JY-BOCS) were determined by 20 raters for 12 Japanese patients with obsessive compulsive disorder at four institutions. Interrater reliability for the total JY-BOCS score was excellent, and the intraclass correlation coefficient was high (ICC = 0.960). Internal consistency was also excellent (Cronbach's alpha = 0.889). Concurrent and discriminant validity of the JY-BOCS was examined by comparing the scores on the JY-BOCS with those on the Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and scales for depression and anxiety. A slight correlation was found between scores on the JY-BOCS and MOCI, but no significant correlations were found between scores on the JY-BOCS and those on scales for depression or anxiety.

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In an attempt to evaluate retrospectively the three‐year course and outcome of treated adolescent schizophrenics, the medical data of 19 patients were collected from the first admissions over a period of 10 years (1971‐1981). According to the DSM‐III criteria, 17 were diagnosed as having schizophrenic disorders and the remaining 2 were schizophreniform disorders. The outcome at the time of first‐ to third‐year follow‐up was assessed on the outcome rating scale. The three‐year outcome was favorable with respect to both the length of hospitalization and the presence of psychotic symptoms. However, there was a sustained impairment in occupational (or scholastic) functioning throughout the three‐year follow‐up period. The female sex and the initial diagnosis of schizophreniform disorder might be factors affecting the good third‐year clinical (or symptomatic) outcome. The younger age at onset, the longer duration of the prodromal phase, and the longer period of time between the onset and the first presentation appeared to predict the poor third‐year occupational outcome.

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