Chemical composition of slow pyrolysis oil made from unbarked Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) was characterized by negative-ion electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI FT-ICR) mass spectrometry and various bulk analyses. The wood pieces were heated stepwise in a batch pyrolysis reactor to the target temperature of 320 °C. The resulting pyrolysis oil spontaneously separated into aqueous and oily phases. The water content of the aqueous phase was as high as 60.4 wt-%, whereas for the oily phase it was only 8.1 wt-%. The bulk O/C-ratio (on a dry basis) was more than twice as high for the aqueous phase as compared to the oily phase (0.61 vs 0.29), suggesting different chemistry between the two phases. Based on pH and total acid number measurements, the aqueous phase was more acidic than the oily phase. The ESI FT-ICR technique was used to characterize pyrolysis oils' heavier, non-volatile and thermally labile species. The total amounts of the identified chemical formulae were ~540 and ~630 for the aqueous and oily phases, respectively. The majority of the detected compounds were oxygen-containing species, representing heteroatom classes O 2 -O 14 . The O 9 -O 14 class compounds were present only in the aqueous phase.The O 2 -O 4 compounds comprised of different acids, including resin acids and several types of fatty acids, such as hydroxy fatty acids and diacids, which were concentrated in the oily phase. However, saturated fatty acids were more dominant in the aqueous phase possibly due to their increased solubility through micelle formation in a more aqueous environment. Anhydrosugars and other high oxygen-containing compounds were present only in the aqueous phase. Both phases also contained condensed aromatic compounds (pyrolytic lignin), representing heteroatom classes O 3 -O 8 .
The environmental legislation and strict enforcement of environmental regulations are the tools effectively used for developing the market of materials for environmental protection technologies.Sustainability criteria shift environmental engineering systems to more sustainable-material-based technologies. For carbon-based medium materials in biofiltration, this trend results in attempts to use biochar for biofiltration purposes. The paper presents the analysis of biochar properties based on the main criteria for biofiltration medium integrating the environmental quality properties of biochar, following the European Biochar Certificate guidelines. Three types of biochar produced from feedstock of highly popular and abundant types of waste are analysed. A systematic approach was applied to summarize the results. The lignocellulosic type of biochar was found to be more competitive for use as a biofiltration medium than the types of biochar with high ash or lignin content.
Fungi and microbes can remarkably degrade the appearance and durability of organic materials, such as wood. The inhibitory effects of natural phenolics may offer more sustainable alternatives to preserve wood than the toxic biocides that are currently used. Although pure caffeine has been proven to have antibacterial properties, the applicability of spent coffee in wood preservation has not been determined. This work conducted in vitro tests with three brown rot and one white rot fungi and demonstrated the potential of spent coffee-derived cinnamates, analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography, as antimicrobial agents. Spent coffee at concentrations of 1% and above in the growing media caused significant growth suppression of all of the fungi. This was not only because of the caffeine, but also the other chemicals present in the residue extracts, which demonstrated that spent coffee could be used as a source of green chemicals in wood preservative formulations.
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