This study proposed a suitable method for subcutaneous heparin injection in order to reduce pain and bruising.

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Background and Purpose:Globally, diabetes is one of the most common non-contagious diseases resulting in severe complications. Fostered hope facilitates coping and improves self-care and one of the Factors affecting hope is religious beliefs. This research investigated the level of hope and its relationship with religious coping among Type 2 diabetes patients.Material and Methods:This correlation, cross-sectional study was conducted on 150 patients with Type 2 diabetes, who had been referred to the Karaj Diabetes Association during the period, March–June 2011, and selected through purposive sampling. A three-part questionnaire including demographic data, the Herth Hope Index, and a short form of religious coping, was used for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive and analytic statistics, including Pearson’s correlation coefficient, the t-test, a one-way ANOVA, and a multiple regression analysis. The set significance level was p<0.05.Results:The mean hope score was 34.89 (SD±8.75); most of the subjects (46.7%) showed high levels of hope. Positive religious coping, marital status, and social support significantly affected hope fostering (r=0.897, p =0.000). A significant negative relationship was found between hope and age (r=-0.373, p=0.000), and between hope and negative religious coping (r=-0.749, p=0.000).Conclusion:Positive religious coping, married life, and social support significantly affected the development of hope. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between positive religious coping and social support. So, strengthening social support could lead to increased levels of positive religious coping and fostering of hope.

The nursing process is defined as a standard of care; however, its implementation in actual clinical settings is very limited, which reduces the quality of care.Objective: To determine the barriers to the implementation of the nursing process from the viewpoint of the faculty members, nursing managers, nurses, and nursing students of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods:This analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in 2014 on 90 nursing lecturers and students of the Mashhad Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, and 134 nurses and nursing managers of the educational hospitals of the Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. The participants were selected by the convenient sampling method using a research-oriented questionnaire (validity and reliability confirmed) to investigate the barriers to the implementation of the nursing process. The data was analyzed by using descriptive statistics (mean±SD, and absolute and relative frequencies), one-way ANOVA, and the Pearson correlation coefficient. Results:The most significant barrier to implementing the nursing process according to 90% of the lecturers was the lack of a checklist for recording the process in the medical records of the patients; according to 90% of the managers, it was the high number of patients under care of each nurse, and according to 90% of the nurses and 93.5% of the students, it was the lack of a principal training of the nursing process during their studentship. There was a significant difference in the views of the four groups (P=0.03). Conclusion:The health system authorities of the country should make changes in the clinical and educational areas, such as including a nursing process record sheet in the medical records of the patients, getting advice and assistance from the experts in the field of nursing education and technology, and facilitating the implementation of the nursing process in the clinical field.

Background: The prevalence of the COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant psychological and health disorders in individuals, such as some health care behaviors disturbance and anxiety disorder. Objectives: This study aimed to assess Iranian medical students’ anxiety level and self-care behaviors during the COVID-19 outbreak. Methods: The anonymous online questionnaire was applied to collect data, including three general sections on the socio-demographical characteristics, COVID-19 self-care behaviors, and coronavirus anxiety scale. Totally, 620 students of the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences with access to the Internet were surveyed from May 23 to July 7, 2020. Results: The mean scores of self-care behaviors and anxiety levels were 56.71 ± 7.63 and 16.84 ± 3.75, respectively. The self-care behaviors were higher among female, married, and PhD candidates and infected students living in rural areas than other students (P < 0.05). The level of anxiety was significantly higher among male, single, and infected students living in metropolitan areas (P < 0.05). There was a significant negative relationship between self-care behaviors and anxiety levels (r = -0.922, P < 0.001). Conclusions: The finding showed suitable self-care behaviors and high anxiety levels in students. The universities should prepare a package of multi-dimensional interventions, such as designing comprehensive software to reduce anxiety and increase preventive behaviors, such as self-care behaviors in students.

Background Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skill have a direct impact on its success rate. Choosing the right method to acquire this skill can lead to effective performance. This investigation was conducted to compare the effect of Real-time feedback and debriefing by video recording on basic life support skill in nursing students. Methods This quasi-experimental study was performed on 67 first year nursing students. First, a theoretical basic life support (BLS) training session was held for the all participants, at the end of session the pre-test was taken. Students were randomly assigned to two groups. A 4-hour practical BLS training session was conducted in the real - time feedback group as well as the debriefing by video recording group, and at the end of the training, a post-test was taken from each group. Each group received a post-test. Data were analyzed using SPSS 25 software. Results Results showed a significant difference between mean (SD) of debriefing by video recording group in pre-test and post-test (p < 0.001) and in the real-time feedback group there was a significant difference between mean (SD) in pre-test and post-test (p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, there was no significant difference between the mean score of basic life support skill in real-time feedback and debriefing by video recording. Conclusions Both real-time feedback and debriefing by video recording were effective on basic life support skill.

Background:Compared with other renal replacement therapies, hemodialysis treatment can impose restrictions on children with chronic renal failure and their mothers. Such pediatric illness can also lead to negative effects on mothers’ physical and mental health. Knowledge about mothers’ experiences can aid medical teams to support mothers in playing their roles as care managers. Providing supports to mothers can exert significant effects on mothers’ health status and indirectly improve patient outcomes and whole family functioning. This study was aimed at understanding the meanings of care for children undergoing hemodialysis based on mothers’ lived experiences.Materials and Methods:This study is a qualitative research using hermeneutic phenomenology. A total of 17 interviews were conducted with 11 mothers of children undergoing hemodialysis. The interview sessions were recorded and transcribed, after which the data were analyzed using van Manen's methodology.Results:The main themes identified in this study was “immersion in an ocean of psychological tension,” which suggests that the mothers of the children undergoing hemodialysis are overwhelmed by the numerous psychological pressures that they encounter during their children's treatment. This theme was constituted by the subthemes “bewilderment between hope and despair,” “endless concerns,” “agony and sorrow,” and “a sense of being ignored.”Conclusions:The findings indicated the need to implement multilateral support measures that align with the educational, emotional–psychological, and financial needs of mothers with children receiving hemodialysis treatment. Such measures should be taken with the participation of multidisciplinary teams.

Background: Caring for the disabled elderly can cause compassion fatigue in family caregivers. Improving social interactions in online social networks can reduce compassion fatigue by increasing social support. The aim of the study was to explore the effect of sharing experiences in an online support group on compassion fatigue of family caregivers of the disabled elderly.Methods: The study conducted as a randomized clinical trial with intervention and control groups. A total of 58 family caregivers of the disabled elderly in Mashhad were selected via convenience sampling and assigned to the intervention and control groups using the permuted block technique. The intervention group, in addition to taking part in the first online session individually with the researcher, shared their experiences of the problems caused in their family life due to caring for the elderly in an online support group with other caregivers. The control group participated in the first online session only. Both groups completed a demographic information form, WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS-II), and Professional Quality of Life (ProQOL) questionnaire. Measurements were made before and after the intervention. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 24).Results: Compassion fatigue reported by the participants in the intervention group did not change significantly after the intervention compared to before the intervention (p˃0.05). About half of the participants reported a moderate level of compassion fatigue before the intervention.Conclusion: In online support groups, peers can share their care experiences to reduce the negative effects of elderly care by perceiving more social support.Trial Registration number: IRCT20200118046173N1