Although not common, gastrointestinal and liver symptoms have reportedly been the initial presentation of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) in a large group of patients. Therefore, knowing the frequency and characteristics of these manifestations of COVID‐19 is important for both clinicians and health policy makers. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the available data on the gastrointestinal and liver manifestations of patients with COVID‐19 was performed. PubMed and Scopus databases and Google Scholar search engine were searched for published and unpublished preprint articles up to 10 April 2020. Original studies providing information on clinical digestive symptoms or biomarkers of liver function in patients with polymerase chain reaction confirmed diagnosis of COVID‐19 were included. After quality appraisal, data were extracted. Prevalence data from individual studies were pooled using a random‐effects model. Overall, 67 studies were included in this systematic review and meta‐analysis, comprising a pooled population of 13 251 patients with confirmed COVID‐19. The most common gastrointestinal symptoms were anorexia (10.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 6.2%‐16.4%), diarrhea (8.4%, 95% CI = 6.2%‐11.2%), and nausea (5.7%, 95% CI = 3.7%‐8.6%), respectively. Decreased albumin levels (39.8%, 95% CI = 15.3%‐70.8%), increased aspartate aminotransferase (22.8%, 95% CI = 18.1%‐28.4%), and alanine aminotransferase (20.6%, 95% CI = 16.7%‐25.1%) were common hepatic findings. After adjusting for preexisting gastrointestinal (5.9%) and liver diseases (4.2%), the most common gastrointestinal findings were diarrhea (8.7%, 95% CI = 5.4%‐13.9%), anorexia (8.0%, 95% CI = 3.0%‐19.8%), and nausea (5.1%, 95% CI = 2.2%‐14.3%). Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations are not rare in patients with COVID‐19, but their prevalence might be affected by preexisting diseases. Diarrhea and mild liver abnormalities seem to be relatively common in COVID‐19, regardless of comorbidities

This study examined caregiver burden among home caregivers of COVID-19 patients and its relationship to resilience. This cross-sectional correlational study was conducted in Mashhad, Iran, in 2020. The sample consisted of 220 family caregivers of COVID-19 patients. The data collection tools included: demographic characteristics, Novak and Guest Caregiver Burden Inventory, and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and correlation test in SPSS v25. The mean score of caregiver burden was 76.85±16.25. In total, 4.5% experienced mild caregiver burden, 31.4% moderate caregiver burden, 50.9% severe caregiver burden, and 13.2% very severe caregiver burden. The mean score of resilience was 62.98±14.06. A significant and inverse relationship was observed between caregiver burden and resilience ( p < 0.05, r = -0.46). Family caregivers of COVID-19 patients experienced a significant level of caregiver burden, and it was lower in caregivers with higher levels of resilience. Further studies are recommended in this regard. The use of procedure and training that can improve the resilience of caregivers is recommended to nurses, especially home care nurses.