The paper contains an overview of stress-coping research concerning loneliness experience (Cacioppo et al.; etc.). Stress-coping research data concerning loneliness experience is large: Cacioppo, Fowler, Christakis. Emotional deprivation, lack of a close partner and subjective loneliness are connected not only with personality traits, but also with real relationships having impact on coping choice. A new special focus is made on social-psychological determinants of loneliness in close (marital) relationships, influencing coping process. Spouses of extreme shift-work professionals are more likely to experience deprivation in partnership through regular absence of a partner/husband/wife at home (it is especially true for women). It could be mentioned that they are better understood only by others who were in the same situation. Loneliness is a great accompanying stressor in these couples, who have difficulties in coping with it. Rather often they deny it, demonstrating strong ego-defense mechanisms more than coping efforts. The aim of the study is to analyze different kinds on loneliness experience in relationships and coping with it in connection with cognitive-behavioral transition / change. It is suggested that close family relationships may be or may be not a factor of personal resource`s system of a worker. Much of the understanding of becoming and being lonely comes from qualitative research in which in-depth interviews and narratives reveal the process and dynamics of this major life transition. Method. Cognitive-emotional evaluation measures (UCLA, coping scale -CISS, Marital relationships` inventories. Samples we used are older (n1=158; av. age = 49.4) and younger spouses in ordinary and shift-workers` families (N2=84; av. age =29.1). Findings reflect the mixed results concerning whether adaptation / adjusting to shift work as a life change and the following loneliness is more difficult for men or women. Among the results there are: the lonelier a person considers oneself, the less productive coping strategies he/she adopts. More maritally satisfied and thus less lonely people use different coping with loneliness: they prefer active coping, while lonely and less satisfied with their relationships choose self-blaming and denial. Conclusion: Life changes, especially concerning extreme professional shift-work, give rise to a multi-level stress in the important spheres of job and close relations, marital included. Loneliness, hard longing for personal autonomy, emotional instability is negative outcomes in this situation. This triggers coping through cognitive-behavioral efforts, different in productivity and effectiveness. A modern family could not be a constant coping resource during life transitions.
The paper focuses on a new phenomenon of modern digital society — phubbing, that is, the manifestation of partner neglect through distraction to a gadget during real communication. The analysis of foreign psychological approaches to its research has been carried out: phubbing is understood as dependence on a mobile phone / Smartphone and social networks; as a result of Internet addiction and problems with self-control; as a new social norm. We present the results of an empirical study of phubbing in close relationships (N=46). Hypothesis: intimacy and attachment to a romantic partner as close relationships` qualitative characteristics increase the sensitivity to a partner`s phubbing. Methods: Partner phubbing (Roberts, David, 2016; Ekimchik, Kryukova, 2019); Multi-Item Measure of Adult Romantic Attachment (Brennan, Shaver, 1995; Ekimchik, Kryukova, 2009); Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale (Aron, Aron, Smollan, 1992; Ekimchik, Kryukova, Zakharchenko, 2018). Results: men more often than women estimate the partners` phubbing negatively. It is found that adult romantic attachment characteristics predict the level of partners` phubbing.
Objective. To find out the level of stressfulness of inside family isolation in Russia; coping with the negative effects of a pandemic, fear and isolation. Background. The situation of a health threat causes unexpected stress enhancing the fear of getting infected, uncertainty, anxiety. The coronavirus disease outbreak has introduced special demands: to lockdown not to get infected. But it also “triggers” adaptive coping behavior. It`s suggested that situation-adequate coping, as well as close relationships based on support, reduce the effects of coronavirus threat. Domestic violence and its effects (physical abuse, mental illness, PTSD) negatively affect family relationships, maybe as deadly as the coronavirus, require immediate prevention. Study design. A mini-longitudinal empirical study was conducted online at the beginning (27.03.2020—12.04.2020) (N1=248) and in the second half of lockdown (28.04.2020—03.05.2020) (N2=310). The role of stressors in changing family relationships has been correlated with the impact of catching COVID-19 threat and self-isolation on the psychological state of family members. Participants. 558 volunteers aged 18—87, including 425 women and 117 men; the majority of them (66%) have their own family — 369 are married/in a relationship; work. Measurements. A questionnaire created by the authors on the basis of international projects assessing impact of stress and self-isolation on family relationships, standardized anxiety and depression scales; coping scales. Results. Negative outcomes of the threat of infection and isolation are reduced if coping is adequate, emotional support from family members, and their views on the necessary daily changes are consistent. Stress levels are higher in single people. Having a partner is important for ways of coping choice. Conclusions. Stress generating from the threat of catching virus/COVID-19 experienced by people during lockdown in close/family relationships is normative as long as they use coping strategies, adequate to the situation (acceptance, positive reappraisal) with a low frequency of choosing less adequate strategies.
(1) Background: The present study is aimed to determine the predicting role of objective (lifestyle) and subjective factors of middle-aged women’s psycho-emotional health such as their relations with parents, attachment and separation types. Women who are overloaded with professional and family roles have high stress level, their indicators of psychological well-being and emotional level decrease when they have to give everyday care to their elderly parents. (2) Methods: The research sample has two empirical groups. Sample of Study 1 includes middle-aged women (n = 61) aged 38–56 (M = 48.1, SD = 3.5); sample of Study 2 includes middle-aged women (n = 85) aged 33–52 (M = 40.6, SD = 3.1): married (70.5%) and divorced (29.5%), having children of 14–28 years old; giving everyday care to elderly parents for more than 1.5 yrs. Some live separately (62.3 %), or have to cohabitate with parents (37.7%). All women evaluate their life situation as difficult and manifest signs of high psycho-emotional stress. We used methods adapted for the Russian-speaking sample: getting socio-demographic information, an interview; The scales of psychological well-being; Attachment style and Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaires (study 1); Psychological Separation Inventory, Purpose-in-Life Test, projective methods (study 2), mathematical statistics. (3) Results: A number of factors and indicators of women’s psycho-emotional health decrease in the situation of role overload have been identified. Among the factors there are four main types of women’s relationships with parents: Anxious closeness; Ambivalence of feelings; Secondary relationship with parents; Alienation, predicting of psycho-emotional health that are reducing or enhancing their personal resources. Besides, a type of separation of an adult woman from her mother predicts her level of well-being. (4) Conclusions: The study confirms that middle-aged Russian women’s psycho-emotional health depends on contextual factors (difficult role-overloaded lifestyle) and factors integrating women‘s relations towards parents, attachment, guilt and separation. Types of middle-aged women’s relationships with parents contribute to their psychoemotional health in a different way.
The problem of coping with stress among co-dependent and destructively-related women is relevant for modern science. In the paper it is analysed what is in common in two phenomena "destructive attachment" to a partner and "co-dependency" in close family relations: and the basic concepts are revealed and the characteristics of the phenomena are given. Cognitive-emotional attachment patterns for two groups of women are differentiated, justified and described. The aim of qualitative and quantitative studies is to compare the coping behaviour of co-dependent and destructively attached women, identifying cognitive-emotional patterns of their attachment and coping. A thorough analysis of world trends that determine a similarity and differences in both kinds of women`s behaviour is made basing on updated sources. The results of qualitative and quantitative research reflect specifics of coping with stress by co-dependent and destructively attached to partner women. The findings confirm that for both -codependent and destructively attached women, close relationships are a source of stress, only the first ones usually are not aware of this. They are united by a general intention and desire to control the other, and the dissatisfaction of basic needs in the relationships, high tolerance for emotional pain, and supersignificance of the relationships with the other. The results of this study are expected to be useful in psychological counselling, psychotherapy, psychological support to women.
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