Objective. To find out the level of stressfulness of inside family isolation in Russia; coping with the negative effects of a pandemic, fear and isolation. Background. The situation of a health threat causes unexpected stress enhancing the fear of getting infected, uncertainty, anxiety. The coronavirus disease outbreak has introduced special demands: to lockdown not to get infected. But it also “triggers” adaptive coping behavior. It`s suggested that situation-adequate coping, as well as close relationships based on support, reduce the effects of coronavirus threat. Domestic violence and its effects (physical abuse, mental illness, PTSD) negatively affect family relationships, maybe as deadly as the coronavirus, require immediate prevention. Study design. A mini-longitudinal empirical study was conducted online at the beginning (27.03.2020—12.04.2020) (N1=248) and in the second half of lockdown (28.04.2020—03.05.2020) (N2=310). The role of stressors in changing family relationships has been correlated with the impact of catching COVID-19 threat and self-isolation on the psychological state of family members. Participants. 558 volunteers aged 18—87, including 425 women and 117 men; the majority of them (66%) have their own family — 369 are married/in a relationship; work. Measurements. A questionnaire created by the authors on the basis of international projects assessing impact of stress and self-isolation on family relationships, standardized anxiety and depression scales; coping scales. Results. Negative outcomes of the threat of infection and isolation are reduced if coping is adequate, emotional support from family members, and their views on the necessary daily changes are consistent. Stress levels are higher in single people. Having a partner is important for ways of coping choice. Conclusions. Stress generating from the threat of catching virus/COVID-19 experienced by people during lockdown in close/family relationships is normative as long as they use coping strategies, adequate to the situation (acceptance, positive reappraisal) with a low frequency of choosing less adequate strategies.
The article presents a conceptual model of close relationships. Close relationships are a specific and multicomponent phenomenon in the living space of modernity. On the basis of the analysis of sources and rethinking of the data obtained earlier, close relationships are considered as a type of interpersonal relations. It is a meaningful, selective relationship of people aimed at satisfying their need for love and belonging, based on affiliative feelings and attachment. Closeness in relationships is defined as a structural property of the dyad, including the strength, frequency, psychological distance, the variety of interrelationships that exist between people. It is noted that close relationships are set by social roles. Reciprocal roles, for example, parent and child, husband and wife set the initial belonging of these relationships to the category of close, but do not guarantee the presence in them of intimacy as a qualitative characteristic. The invariant (partners' attachment to each other, emotional experiences, psychological distance; value-semantic unity; involvement) categorical attributes of close relationships were identified. The variation signs characterising their main types (romantic, marital, friendship, love, kinship) are described. It is noted that the dynamics conditioned by the totality of factors determines the variety of close relationships – dysfunctional and functional. We understood the limitations and prospects for further developments in this area.
This article presents the results of a theoretical study of self-realisation, self-actualisation and self-efficacy phenomena. The main aspects of understanding and correlating these phenomena in classical and modern Russian and foreign psychology are described. The highlighted concepts related to the phenomenon of self-realisation, both in the field of psychology and pedagogy. The similarities and differences of the self-realisation, self-actualisation, self-efficacy phenomena, as well as their correlation and comparison are presented. A comparative analysis of the studied concepts is given. According to the results of the theoretical analysis, the processes of self-realisation and self-actualisation are based on the inner motivation of a person to grow, develop personality, realise its potential. Both of these processes, due to their subjectivity, are difficult to observe and measure from the outside. We have highlighted the main differences, consisting in a greater awareness and orderliness of the process of self-realisation, as well as its predominantly "social" orientation, while self-actualisation is often associated with the struggle with external forces, the desire for self-realisation is rather approved and supported by the society. The concepts of self-realisation and self-efficacy are united by their inherent representation in the external plane of the life of the individual, as well as awareness, activity, goal-setting, and an orientation towards achieving success. In contrast to self-efficacy, self-release is a process rather than a sustainable phenomenon, and can be expressed both externally and internally through a connection with the value-semantic, motivational spheres of the individual.
The article discusses the adult self-realisation phenomenon and its theoretical aspects. The elaboration of the problematics in foreign and Russian studies is assessed, various definitions used to study this phenomenon are given. An attempt to systematise the self-realisation aspects studied by modern Russian scientists is made. The article presents the results of self-realisation empirical studies, its spheres and individual characteristics in adults and their relationship and dependence with such psychological constructs as vitality, resilience, subjective well-being, happiness, self-attitude, and coping behaviour. The significant determinants of the self-realisation firmness are described. The results of the influence of self-realisation positive characteristics on the experience of happiness and subjective well-being of the respondents are given, as well as their relationship with productive coping strategies.
The desire to realize oneself is characteristic of people, regardless of the state of health.The scientific problem is based on the need to study the conditions, resources and psychological consequences that ensure self-realization of persons with atypical development in comparison with typically developing people.The aim of the study. To analyze the specifics of self-realization of people with typical and atypical development, its resources and consequences.Methods. The sample included 93 people with normative and impaired development (impaired vision, hearing, musculoskeletal system, somatic diseases). Questionnaire methods were used: the test of judgments of self-realization of the personality by S.I. Kudinov; hardiness test of S. Maddi, D.A. Leontiev and E.I. Rasskazova; scale of subjective happiness by S. Lubomirsky and H. Lepper (adapted by D.A. Leontiev and E.N. Osin); scale of subjective well-being A. Perrudet-Badoux (adapted by M.V. Sokolova); self-compassion scale by K. Neff (adapted by K.A. Chistopolskaya et al.); scale of subjective vitality R.M. Ryan and S. Frederick (adapted by L.A. Alexandrova); coping strategies evaluation questionnaire COPE by C. Carver et al. (adapted by T.O. Gordeeva et al.); as well as an author’s interview.Results. Characteristics of self-realization of persons with typical and atypical development do not have significant differences. Subjects with developmental disorders are more likely to be pessimistic in the context of self-realization. The most successful areas of self-realization for people with atypical development are personal growth and family relationships. In areas related to contacts with the external environment (study, leisure, interpersonal interaction), people with typical development are more realized. The specifics in the aspects of self-realization, components of resilience, subjective well-being, sympathetic attitude towards oneself and preferred coping strategies are revealed.Conclusion. There is specificity in the aspects of self-realization, its resources and consequences in people with typical and atypical development.
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