Developmental contexts have been studied in terms of systems of beliefs and practices, treated as part of general cultural models. This paper aims to describe aspects of parenting cultural models of a group of 200 primiparous Brazilian mothers from Rio de Janeiro, who had children less than 44 months old. Mothers answered the Socialization Goals Interview (SGI), and an adapted version of an inventory of beliefs about practices of care, developed by M. Suizzo. Answers to the SGI were coded in five categories and their subcategories: Self-maximization (SM), Self-control (SC), Lovingness (L), Proper demeanor (PD) and Decency (D), and scores in each of them were calculated. A factor analysis indicated three dimensions of mothers' beliefs about practices: Awaking and exposing the child to diverse stimuli (Stimulation), ensuring the Proper presentation of the child and Responding to and bonding to the child. Data was further analyzed in terms of subcategories of SM and D and of the relation to the factors mothers' educational level and sex of their child. Results showed that mothers from Rio de Janeiro share a cultural model of autonomy for their children, but that they also believe in the importance of their relationship to others.Se han estudiado contextos evolutivos en términos de sistemas de creencias y prácticas, tratados como parte de los modelos culturales generales. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir algunos aspectos de los modelos culturales de crianza en un grupo de madres brasileñas de Rió de Janeiro, con niños menores de 44 meses de edad. Las madres completaron la Socialization Goals Interview (SGI) y una versión adaptada de un inventario de creencias sobre las prácticas de cuidados, desarrollado por M. Suizzo. Se codificaron las respuestas al SGI en cinco categorías y sus subcategorías: Auto-maximización (SM), Autocontrol (SC), Amorosidad (L), Comportamiento apropiado (PD) y Decencia (D) y se calcularon puntuaciones de cada una. Un análisis factorial reveló tres dimensiones de las creencias de las madres sobre las prácticas de: Despertar y exponer al niño a diversos estímulos (Estimulación), asegurando la adecuada presentación del niño y respondiendo a y estableciendo un vínculo con el niño. Además se analizaron los datos en términos de SM y de D y de la relación con los factores Nivel educacional de la madre y Sexo del niño. Los resultados mostraron que las madres de Rió de Janeiro comparten un modelo cultural de autonomía para sus niños, pero que también creen en la importancia de sus relaciones con los demás. Palabras clave: modelos culturales de crianza, creencias y prácticas, autonomía, interdependencia.

O investimento parental aumenta a chance de sobrevivência dos bebês e garante a aptidão dos pais. Embora seja adaptativo, não ocorre automaticamente, assumindo formas diversas de acordo com o contexto. Considerando que as crenças parentais são parte desse contexto, este artigo teve como objetivo analisar crenças de pais e mães sobre investimento parental e o que relatam fazer para investir na criação de seu filho. Cinquenta homens e cinquenta mulheres com filho de até seis anos responderam a duas perguntas abertas sobre concepção de investimento e práticas realizadas. As respostas foram classificadas em: investimento financeiro, emocional, cuidados básicos, intelectual, social-espiritual e familiar-individual. Homens e mulheres indicaram valorizar e realizar mais o investimento emocional. Em geral, mães relatam investir mais que pais, principalmente em relação aos cuidados. Houve algumas incongruências entre crenças e práticas relatadas. Esses resultados podem contribuir para o estudo das crenças e do investimento parental, principalmente dos pais, que nem sempre são incluídos em pesquisas.

Metas de socialização de pais e mães para seus Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolvimento Hum. 2009; 19(3): 445-456 -445 -Bandeira TTA; Moura MLS; Vieira ML. Metas de socialização de pais e mães para seus filhos. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolv Hum. 2009; 19(3): 445-456. Resumo:as expectativas que pais têm em relação aos filhos fazem parte do contexto sociocultural onde esses se desenvolvem. Geralmente, estudos sobre o tema focalizam apenas crenças maternas. Este trabalho objetivou investigar metas de socialização que pais e mães apresentam em relação ao futuro de seus filhos e o que pensam sobre como alcançá-las. Participaram do estudo trinta casais do Rio de Janeiro, com filho único até três anos. Eles responderam a uma forma adaptada do questionário desenvolvido por R. Harwood e seus colaboradores. As respostas foram analisadas segundo cinco categorias, especificadas na literatura, que indicam tendências de socialização para autonomia, interdependência ou autonomia-relacional. Os resultados mostraram que pais e mães valorizam metas relacionadas à autonomia e também à interdependência. Além disso, acreditam que a melhor forma para alcançar essas metas seriam o ensinamento e o bom exemplo dos pais. Em geral, pais e mães apresentaram respostas semelhantes. Este estudo traz uma contribuição à literatura da área, especialmente em relação a crenças paternas e sua comparação com idéias das mães sobre socialização de seus filhos. Palavras-chave: metas de socialização; maternidade; paternidade. Rev Bras Crescimento Desenvolvimento Hum. 2009; 19(3): 445-456 PESQUISA ORIGINAL ORIGINAL RESEARCH Abstract: parents' expectations regarding their children are part of the socio-cultural context where they grow. In general, studies about this subject focus only mothers' beliefs. This work aims to investigate mothers' and fathers' socialization goals regarding the future of their children, and their beliefs about how to reach those goals. The participants are thirty married couples from Rio de Janeiro with children aged one to three. They have answered open questions adapted from the Socialization Goals Interview developed by R. Harwood and collaborators. The answers were analyzed according to five categories specified in the literature, which represent tendencies of socialization for autonomy, interdependence and relational autonomy.The results indicate that parents value both goals related to autonomy and to interdependence. Besides, they believe that the best way to reach those goals should be through education and the good example of the parents. In general, fathers and mothers have given similar answers. The study brings a contribution to the literature of the area, especially in regard to fathers' beliefs and the comparison with mothers' ideas about socialization of their children.

-Development of the self is oriented according to cultural models, such as: interdependent, independent, and autonomous-related. This study aimed to investigate how Brazilian mothers describe their children and the presence of autonomy and relatedness in their descriptions. Ninety-four mothers with children with ages ranging from 17 to 22 months were interviewed. The results indicate that mothers valued children being intelligent, active, loving and caring. Children were described with more positive than negative temperament characteristics. No significant difference was observed between the proportion of descriptors in the Independence and Relatedness category. This indicates a tendency towards an autonomous-related model, corroborating evidence of previous Brazilian studies. The present study brings evidence to socialization trajectories of Brazilian mothers and contributes to the literature on parental beliefs. Key words: mothers' beliefs, autonomy, relatedness Descrição de seus Filhos por Mães Brasileiras:Dimensões de Autonomia e Relação RESUMO -O desenvolvimento do self é orientado por trajetórias de autonomia, interdependência e de autonomia relacionada. Este estudo visou investigar como mães brasileiras descrevem seus filhos e a presença de autonomia e relação em suas descrições. Mães (N=94) com crianças de 17 a 22 meses de idade, foram entrevistadas. Os adjetivos mais usados foram inteligente e ativo, amoroso e carinhoso. As crianças foram descritas com mais características positivas de temperamento do que negativas. Não houve diferença significativa entre a proporção de descritores na categoria de independência e de interdependência, indicando a tendência para um modelo autônomo relacionado, corroborando resultados de estudos anteriores. O estudo traz evidências de trajetórias de socialização de mães brasileiras e contribui para a literatura sobre crenças parentais.Palavras-chave: crenças maternas, autonomia, relação

The initial process of self development involves interaction with others and the establishment of relationships taking different paths depending on the socio-cultural context. Self-recognition and self-regulation are considered manifestations of this development between 18 and 24 months of age. This study aimed at analyzing the relationship between these two aspects, maternal beliefs about autonomy and relatedness, as well as identifying differences between boys and girls in this developmental stage. Participants were 94 mothers of different educational levels and their children of 17-22 months of age in two Brazilian cities. Socialization Goals Inventory and Parental Practices in the First Year Inventory were used to collect data on mothers' beliefs. Children performed tasks related to self-recognition (the mirror test) and self-regulation (compliance to requests). The group of mothers studied valued both autonomy and interdependence. Children's responses are consistent with a perspective of relational autonomy, which value both independence and interdependence. Differences were found in relation to sex in both self-recognition and self-regulation, and baby girls showed superior performance than boys in both tasks.

The aim of this study is to characterize profiles of maternal care in a sample of Brazilian mothers, using a culturalbiological perspective. Participants were 315 women who had at least one child younger than six years-old. They were selected from six Brazilian states. In each state, two groups of mothers were studied, one from the capital and one from a small city. They were interviewed and answered scales on allocentrism, social support, adult attachment, and practices of childcare. Mothers' characteristics, the type of context (capital vs. small city), and reported childcare practices were used in a Tree analysis. A Correspondence analysis was performed using the four clusters obtained and mothers' answers regarding their youngest child. Univariate GLM analyses were performed to compare mothers in the four clusters in terms of their scores on the different scales. Four maternal profiles presenting distinctive patterns of association between mothers' characteristics and care practices displayed to the youngest child were identified. We conclude that maternal care is a multi-determined phenomenon and that the method employed in this study can give insights into how the combination of diverse social-biological factors can result in a set of childcare practices.