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Governments worldwide have been encouraging private participation in transportation infrastructure. To increase the feasibility of a project, public-private partnership (PPP) may include guarantees or other support to reduce the risks for private investors. It is necessary to value these opportunities under a real options framework and thereby analyze the project's economic feasibility and risk allocation. However, within this structure, sponsors have an implicit option to abandon the project that should be simultaneously valued. Thus, this article proposes a hypothetical toll road concession in Brazil with a minimum traffic guarantee, a maximum traffic ceiling, and an implicit abandonment option. Different combinations of the minimum and maximum levels are presented, resulting in very high or even negative value added to the net present value (NPV). The abandonment option impacts the level of guarantee to be given. Governments should calibrate an optimal level of guarantees to avoid unnecessarily high costs, protect the returns of the sponsor, and lower the probability of abandonment.

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ABSTRACT. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the robustness of the Grant, Vora & Weeks and Least Square Monte Carlo Methods when used to evaluate renewable generation projects developed according to the rules of the Kyoto Protocol Clean Development Mechanism. The proposed methodology makes use of the NEWAVE model in order to generate futures dispatch sequences for all generators connected to the Brazilian grid. After that, based on the methodology ACM0002, the uncertainty associated to the time evolution of the project's baseline is considered. Finally, the carbon market' incremental payoff is estimated using the Real Options Approach. In order to do that, the numerical methods previously mentioned are used under the assumption that the behavior of the carbon price is random and that the price follows a Geometric Brownian Motion.

The objective of this work is to present a methodology capable of estimating the incremental payoff of the carbon market for grid-connected renewable power generation projects in Brazil. The proposed methodology consists of using the NEWAVE model to determine the optimal operating policy for the Brazilian Interconnected System over the medium-term, and to establish hydrological dispatch scenarios for the power plants connected to this system. Based on these results, the criteria defined in the methodology ACM0002 were used to estimate the baseline of the projects developed in response to the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. Having estimated the baseline for the project, the incremental payoff obtained from the sale of Certified Emission Reductions is estimated using the real options theory. Subsequently, the value of the option is added to the conventional cash flow of the project, determining the impact of the carbon market on its internal rate of return.