Background Tumor budding (TB) has been identified in many solid cancers and thought to be involved in invasion and is the initial step in the metastatic process. Limited information is available documenting the role of tumor budding in breast carcinoma. With this aim, the present study evaluates the association of tumor budding, tumor microenvironment, and its correlation with clinicopathologic parameters. Materials and Methods A total of 102 cases were archived and evaluated for peripheral and intra tumoral budding along with tumor microenvironment on hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides. Statistical Analysis Correlation between tumor budding, tumor microenvironment, and other classical clinicopathological parameters was studied by Chi-square test. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered significant. Results Females constituted 99 cases out of 102 and 3 were males. We found 55.9% and 44.1% of patients in the age group less than or equal to 50 and greater than 50, respectively. Also, 65.6% of cases presented with small tumor size less than or equal to 5 cm, 80.39% with lymph node metastasis, and 76.4% with lympho-vascular emboli. High peripheral tumoral budding (PTB) was seen in 45.10%, low peripheral tumoral budding in 54.9%, high ITB in 53.9%, and low ITB in 46.1%. Necrosis was found only in 39.21%. Significant statistical association of PTB was found with lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular emboli, and tumor necrosis, whereas ITB with tumor grade, lymph node metastasis, lympho-vascular emboli, and necrosis. Both PTB and ITB showed no statistically significant correlation with age and size of the tumor. Conclusion Tumor budding is an independent adverse prognostic factor in invasive breast carcinoma. However, further work is needed to establish a standard method for the quantification of this parameter, which will help in effective stratification of patients in terms of disease-free survival and likely outcome.
BACKGROUNDIncidence of dengue fever is on rise in India. We investigated the characteristics of Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) and platelet distribution width (PDW) in various risk categories of dengue fever. MATERIALS AND METHODSIn this prospective two months pilot study, 100 cases of NS1 antigen and IgM ELISA positive dengue were included. Platelet count for risk categorisation, MPV and PDW values were recorded. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA (Fisher's test). RESULTSThere were 77%, 18% and 5% cases in no, low and moderate risk categories, respectively. In no, low and moderate risk categories, mean MPV was 8.6, 9.6 and 10.7 (fL), respectively. In no, low and moderate risk categories mean PDW was 16.4, 17.03 and 16.9, respectively. Overall, there was positive correlation between MPV and PDW (p= 0.066; r= 0.185), as also in low risk category. In moderate risk group, there was a negative correlation between MPV and PDW (p= 0.201; r= -0.686).
The major risk associated with low platelet count in pregnancy is the increased risk of bleeding during the childbirth or post that. There is an increased blood supply to the uterus during pregnancy and the surgical procedure requires cutting of major blood vessels. Women with thrombocytopenia are at increased risk of losing excessive blood. The risk is more in case of caesarean delivery as compared to vaginal delivery. Hence based on above findings the present study was planned for Assessment of the Platelet Count in the Pregnant Women in IGIMS, Patna, Bihar. The present study was planned in Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India. The present study was planned from duration of January 2019 to June 2019. In the present study 200 pregnant females samples received for the platelet estimation were enrolled in the present study. Clinically platelet indices can be a useful screening test for early identification of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Also platelet indices can assess the prognosis of this disease in pregnant women and can be used as an effective prognostic marker because it correlates with severity of the disease. Platelet count is a simple, low cost, and rapid routine screening test. Hence the data generated from the present study concludes that platelet count can be used as a simple and cost effective tool to monitor the progression of preeclampsia, thereby preventing complications to develop during the gestational period. Keywords: Platelet Count, Pregnant Women, IGIMS, Patna, Bihar, etc.
Gastric cancer has been one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality over the past century. Today it is the 4th most common cancer in the world. Surgery remains the only major curative option. Majority of these cancers are found to be unresectable on laparotomy. Most gastric cancer patients are diagnosed with advanced disease with the development of distant metastases hence assessment of prognostic markers in these patients should be done. Hence based on above condition the present study was planned for Clinico Pathological Assessment of Gastric Cancer in Bihar Region. The present study was planned in Department of Pathology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Science, Patna, Bihar, India. The present study was planned from duration of June 2018 to December 2018. In the present study 50 cases of adenocarcinoma of stomach were enrolled and evaluated. The patients were diagnosed on clinical, radiological, endoscopic examination with confirmation by histopathological examination of either endoscopic biopsy or the resected specimen. The resected gastrectomy specimens were examined grossly and tumour location, tumour dimensions, extent of tumour invasion, metastasis to lymph nodes, number of lymph nodes involved, abnormality in surrounding mucosa were recorded. Gastric cancer is second most common cancer in male and fifth most common amongst females in East and Central Asia. The incidence of gastric cancer is twice as much in men as in women. Majority of cases had history of tobacco consumption, which clearly indicates the role of tobacco in causation of stomach cancer. Weak relation was seen in alcohol consumption. Screening of asymptomatic people in a high risk area may be useful in early detection of disease. Efforts to detect cancer early in developing countries would go a long way in reducing the disease burden and improving the outcome. Keywords: Gastric cancer, Mucinous adenocarcinoma, Tobacco, Metastasis, etc.
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