No abstract

OKOSUN, IKE S., K. M. DINESH CHANDRA, SIMON CHOI, JACQUELINE CHRISTMAN, G. E. ALAN DEVER, AND T. ELAINE PREWITT. Hypertension and type 2 diabetes comorbidity in adults in the United States: risk of overall and regional adiposity. Obes Res. 2001;9: 1-9. Objective: To evaluate the impact of generalized, abdominal, and truncal fat deposits on the risk of hypertension and/or diabetes and to determine whether ethnic differences in these fat patterns are independently associated with increased risk for the hypertension-diabetes comorbidity (HDC). Research Methods and Procedures: Data (n ϭ 7075) from the Third U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for this investigation. To assess risks of hypertension and/or diabetes that were due to different fat patterns, odds ratios of men and women with various cutpoints of adiposities were compared with normal subjects in logistic regression models, adjusting for age, smoking, and alcohol intake. To evaluate the contribution of ethnic differences in obesity to the risks of HDC, we compared blacks and Hispanics with whites. Results: Generalized and abdominal obesities were independently associated with increased risk of hypertension, diabetes and HDC in white, black, and Hispanic men and women. The risk of HDC due to generalized, truncal, and abdominal obesities tended to be higher in whites than blacks and Hispanics. In men, the contribution of black and Hispanic ethnicities to the increased risk of HDC due to the various obesity phenotypes was ϳ73% and ϳ61%, respectively. The corresponding values for black and Hispanic women were ϳ115% and ϳ125%, respectively. Conclusions: In addition to advocating behavioral lifestyles to curb the epidemic of obesity among at-risk populations in the United States, there is also the need for primary health care practitioners to craft their advice to the degree and type of obesity in these at-risk groups.

To estimate the risk and population attributable risk of prehypertension that is due to abdominal obesity in White, Black and Hispanic American adults. To determine how much of the relative difference in the risk of prehypertension between high-risk Blacks and Hispanics and the low-risk group Whites that is attributable to their differences in abdominal obesity. Data (n ¼ 4016) from the 1999 to 2000 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys were used in this study. Abdominal obesity was defined as waist circumference X102 and X88 cm in men and women, respectively. Prehypertension was defined as not being on antihypertensive medication and having systolic blood pressure of 120-139 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure of 80-89 mmHg. Odds ratio from the logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the risk of prehypertension that was due to abdominal obesity. To estimate prehypertension risk differences between low-risk Whites and high-risk Blacks and Hispanics that was due to abdominal obesity, we estimated relative attribu- The analogous values for women were B39.7 and B16.5%, respectively. In conclusion, despite having lower rates of abdominal obesity than their counterparts, Black men, Hispanic men and Hispanic women had high population attributable risks, indicating that factors other than abdominal obesity may have important explanatory power for racial differences in prehypertension in these groups. However, in Black women reduction in risk of prehypertension could be possible by instituting public health measures to reduce abdominal obesity to the levels seen in White women. Intervention programmes designed to reduce overall obesity may also lead to reduction of abdominal obesity, and consequently may curb prehypertension in these population groups. Lifestyle modification, including diet and exercise, may have public health significance in reducing the incidence of prehypertension in these populations.

Step-section study was done on 161 prostates from medicolegal autopsies. Nodular hyperplasia occurred in 35-year-old subjects but increased in frequency with advancing age. Nodular hyperplasia originates as an early stromal nodule usually by the side of urethra. This nodule perhaps stimulates the duct in its close vicinity to proliferate and to bud into the solid nodule. Thereafter, stromal and epithelial elements proliferate to form either a glandular or a mixed nodule. A leiomyomatous nodule has been interpreted as a unilateral differentiation and maturation of stromal nodule to smooth muscle.