Organisms adapt their physiologies in response to the quality and quantity of environmental light. Members of a recently identified photoreceptor protein family, BLUF domain proteins, use a flavin chromophore to sense blue light. Herein, we report that PapB, which contains a BLUF domain, controls the biofilm formation of the purple photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Purified PapB undergoes a typical BLUF-type photocycle, and light-excited PapB enhances the phosphodiesterase activity of the EAL domain protein, PapA, which degrades the second messenger, cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP). PapB directly interacts with PapA in vitro in a light-independent manner and induces a conformational change in the preformed PapA-PapB complex. A PapA-PapB docking simulation, as well as a site-directed mutagenesis study, identified amino acids partially responsible for the interaction between the PapA EAL domain and the two C-terminal α-helices of the PapB BLUF domain. Thus, the conformational change, which involves the C-terminal α-helices, transfers the flavin-sensed blue light signal to PapA. Deletion of papB in R. palustris enhances biofilm formation under high-intensity blue light conditions, indicating that PapB functions as a blue light sensor, which negatively regulates biofilm formation. These results demonstrate that R. palustris can control biofilm formation via a blue light-dependent modulation of its c-di-GMP level by the BLUF domain protein, PapB.
Twenty nine isolates identified as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae were most
susceptible to carbadox and metronidazole, whereas they were resistant to macrolides. The
isolates showed intermediate susceptibility to tiamulin, lincomycin, penicillin G,
ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, enrofloxacin and valnemulin, with
MIC50 values ranging from 0.39 to 3.13.
. Blood samples were collected from 66 individuals consist of 15 Pesisir cattle, 15 SimPes cattle, 15 SimPO cattle, 15 Bali cattle and 6 PO cattle. DNA was extracted from each blood samples after SDS-proteinase K digestion, and used for PCR-amplification for a region of growth hormone gene (211 bp), and then the PCR products were analyzed for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) using AluI restriction enzyme. The results showed that GH gene of Pesisir, PO and Bali cattle are monomorphic, which frequencies of L allele was 1.00 and V allele was 0.000 while these LL genotype was 1.000. Frequency of L and V alleles in SimPO and SimPes cattle were 0.634, 0.366 and 0.700, 0.300, respectively. SimPO and SimPes cattle were polymorphic, LL and LV of SimPO cattle was 0.733 and 0.267 as well as SimPes cattle which LL and LV was 0.600 and 0.400, respectively. The correlation between genotype and the performance (body weight and body size) was not significant. The present study indicates that polymorphism of growth hormone gene in AluI site could not yet be used as a molecular marker for body weight and body size of beef cattle.
ABSTRAKGen Growth Hormone (GH) merupakan sebuah gen yang mengontrol sintesis hormon pertumbuhan dan berperan dalam metabolisme tubuh. Identifikasi polimorfisme suatu gen penting dilakukan untuk memperoleh informasi awal dalam mengetahui penanda genetik yang berhubungan dengan sifat-sifat ekonomis yang diinginkan. Pemetaan genetik sangat penting dalam proses seleksi. Sapi Pesisir adalah salah satu sapi lokal Indonesia yang ditemukan di Sumatera Barat dan sangat adatif terhadap lingkungan setempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi genotip berdasarkan sebagian gen Growth Hormone (GH891│MspI) pada sapi Pesisir dan sapi Persilangan Simmental-Pesisir (SimPes) dan hubungannya dengan sifat pertumbuhan (ukuran tubuh dan berat badan). Sebanyak 30 sampel darah sapi yang terdiri dari 15 Sapi Pesisir dan 15 Sapi SimPes digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Ukuran tubuh dan berat badan sapi diukur pada umur 12-18 bulan. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga (3) variasi genotip (MspI-/-, MspI+/-, MspI+/+) dengan frekuensi alel sebesar 53,3% untuk alel MspI-dan 46,7% untuk MspI+. Tidak ditemukan hubungan yang signifikan antara ukuran tubuh dan bobot badan kedua bangsa sapi tersebut berdasarkan ketiga genotip gen GH (GH891│MspI). Kesimpulan, terdapat tiga genotip gen GH pada populasi sapi Pesisir dan SimPes dan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap performans pertumbuhan sapi.Kata Kunci: genotip, enzim MspI, gen Pertumbuhan, sifat pertumbuhan, sapi Pesisir, sapi SimPes
ABSTRACTGrowth hormone gene that controls metabolism and body size of animals and polymorphism of the gene is known related to performance of livestock. Identification of gene polymorphisms was important to get early information to determine genetic markers associated with economically desirable traits. Genetic mapping is one of important characterizations in the selection process. Pesisir cattle is one of local cattle in Indonesia that are reared in West Sumatera and have become adaptive to local environment. The present study aimed to identify the genotype of Growth Hormone gene (GH891│MspI) of the Pesisir cattle and crossbred Simmental-Pesisir cattle (designated as SimPes) and relationship between growth performance (body weight and body size). The present study was Pesisir and Crossed SimPes Cattle (T. Hartatik et al.) 1 conducted to 30 blood samples consisted of 15 Pesisir cattle and 15 SimPes cattle. Body weight and body size were measured at 12-18 months of age. The Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used in this research. The results showed that there exist three variant genotypes (MspI-/-, MspI+/-, MspI+/+) and that allele frequencies of MspI-and MspI+ were 53.3% and 46.7%, respectively. Non-significant effect has found between GH's genotype and growth traits (Body measurement and body weight) in both of breed cattle. In conclusion, three variant genotypes (GH891│MspI) in Pes...
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