The feasibility of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the nondestructive determination of fatty acid composition in rapeseed was examined. NIR spectra were measured on extracted oil, intact rapeseed kernels, and an intact single rapeseed with an InfraAlyzer 500 in a syrup cup or a singlegrain cup. NIR spectra were scanned from 1100 to 2500 nm at 2-nm intervals. As the percentage of linoleic acid increased, the spectral values in the region 1696-1724 nm, where linoleic acid has its absorption band, became always stronger downward in second-derivative NIR spectra. As the percentage of erucic acid increased the spectral value at 1728 nm, where erucic acid has its absorption band, became always a little bit stronger downward in the second-derivative NIR spectra. On the basis of their NIR spectral patterns, linoleic acid and erucic acid could be successfully determined in both intact seed kernels and in a single seed of rape without damaging them.

The results suggest that Pennline 10 possesses the s allele as pin does, not an allele produced by the recombination in the S supergene, and that the short style length of Pennline 10 is controlled by multiple genes outside the S supergene.

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Summary• Common buckwheat ( Fagopyrum esculentum ) is a dimorphic self-incompatible plant with either a pin or a thrum flower. It is considered that self-incompatibility, flower morphology, and pollen size are governed by the S supergene.• Here, we produced self-compatible buckwheat lines by an interspecific cross between F. esculentum and F. homotropicum with embryo rescue.• The flower morphology of these lines was long homostyle and pollen size was similar to that of thrum. Pollen size of F 1 plants produced by a cross between a pin plant and the self-compatible plant was similar to that of the self-compatible line and segregated together with flower morphology without exception. The pollen tubes of the self-compatible plants were compatible with styles of the pin plants but incompatible with the styles of thrum plants. However, the pollen tubes of pin flowers were incompatible with the styles of self-compatible plants, but the pollen tubes of thrum flowers were compatible with the styles of self-compatible plants.• These results indicate that the self-compatibility allele, S h , retains heteromorphic incompatibility and suggest that the S h allele was derived from recombination in the S supergene.

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