The properties and stability of spray-dried beetroot extract using maltodextrin (MD), inulin (IN), and whey protein isolate (WPI) as carrier agents were evaluated. The values of moisture, betalains content, and retention were 3.33-4.24%, 348.79-385.47 mg/100 g (dry-basis), and 88.45-95.69%, respectively. Higher values of antioxidant activity were observed for the treatments using WPI. The treatment with inulin alone presented higher hygroscopicity in the moisture adsorption isotherms at 25 °C and lower thermal stability when evaluating the thermogravimetric curves. When stored at 60 °C, the use of WPI alone conferred lower stability to the beetroot extract powder. In general, the simultaneous use of IN and WPI as carrier agents resulted in good stability of the beetroot extract powder, representing an opportunity for innovation in food products.
ABSTRACT:The use of biomass for biochar production is already a reality. However, little is known about its structure and composition, mainly due to the changes occurred during the heat treatment. This information is crucial since it will have an immediate impact on the quality and applicability of the material produced. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze different biomasses, characterizing their potential for biochar production. Woods from Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora and coffee husk were assessed. The biomass was ground and sieved, and then stored under controlled conditions of temperature and humidity. Subsequently, the material characterizations were performed through proximate analysis, elemental analysis, thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In general, all biomasses presented potential to be used in the production of biochar, where low H/C and O/C ratios were found. The coffee husk has higher lignin, extractives, ash and fixed carbon contents, which certainly contributed to its greater thermal stability. The FTIR analysis showed the presence of bands related to recalcitrant chemical groups such as carboxylics and phenolics in the spectra of all biomasses. The thermogram profiles of the C. citriodora and E. urophylla wood were similar to each other, and different from that of the coffee husk, which showed higher thermal stability. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES BIOMASSAS VEGETAIS PARA PRODUÇÃO DE BIOCARVÕESRESUMO: A utilização da biomassa para produção de biocarvões já é uma realidade. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre a sua estrutura e composição, principalmente, mediante as transformações ocorridas durante o tratamento térmico. Estas informações são fundamentais, uma vez que terão impacto imediato na qualidade e aplicabilidade do material produzido. Portanto este trabalho objetivou analisar diferentes biomassas, caracterizando-as como potenciais para produção de biocarvões. Foram utilizadas madeiras de Eucalyptus urophylla e Corymbia citriodora e cascas de café. As biomassas foram moídas e peneiradas e, em seguida, armazenadas sob condições de temperatura e umidade controlada. Posteriormente realizou-se a caracterização dos materiais, por meio de análise química, química imediata, elementar (CHNS-O), térmica (TGA e DTA) e de espectroscopia vibracional na região do infravermelho (FTIR). De forma geral, todas as biomassas apresentaram potencial para serem utilizadas na produção de biocarvão, no entanto, a casca de café apresentou maiores teores de lignina, extrativos, cinzas e carbono fixo, o que, certamente, contribuiu para que a mesma apresentasse maior potencial de utilização como condicionador de solos. Com relação à análise de FTIR, observou-se a presença de bandas referentes aos grupos químicos recalcitrantes, como os carboxílicos e fenólicos nos espectros de todas as biomassas. O perfil dos termogramas de C. citriodora e de E. urophylla foram semelhantes entre si e diferentes da casca de café, que apresentou maior estabilidade térmica.
Surface modification may lead activated carbon (AC) to take on different properties. This study aimed to promote surface modification of activated carbons using corona treatment (electrical discharge). In this study, powdered commercial activated carbon was used. Activated carbons were subjected to corona treatment at different exposure times (2, 5, 8 and 10 min) at 4.5 cm height from the source. To observe differences promoted by treatment, activated carbons were analyzed by acidity, surface functional groups, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), elemental analysis (ChN), proximate analysis and thermogravimetry. Corona treatment impacted surface chemistry of activated carbons. There was a trend of increasing surface acidity according to exposure time. There were changes in functional groups, increasing carboxyl acid and decreasing lactone and phenol groups. FTIR analysis showed peaks in the bands at 3500, 1650 and 1300 cm-1. Increase of oxygen content and decrease of carbon content were also found. Immediate analysis followed similar tendency for volatile and fixed carbon content. There were also differences in thermogravimetry analysis. Treated activated carbons were different compared to virgin activated carbon. This difference was performed by surface oxidation. Thus, this study showed that corona treatment caused surface modifications and might impact adsorption process.
The raw materials commonly used to produce pulp and paper in Brazil are woods from planted forests. Although with tremendous potential, the use of non-wood fibers is inexpressive. This study thus aimed to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse and bamboo to produce pulp and paper via physical, chemical and anatomical characterization, and to verify the influence of its properties on the process and the final product. Anatomical analysis of the fibers was performed (length and width from fibers and vessels, lumen width and cell wall thickness), as well as chemical component analysis (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives and ash) and basic density of the materials. Moreover, felting rate, Runkel, Mulsteph and Boiler indexes, flexibility coefficient and wall fraction were generated. Results showed that both materials differed statistically in chemical properties, except for lignin content; density and anatomical properties, excluding vessel width and felting rate. Bamboo presented higher values cellulose (52.96%), minerals (2.34%), density (0.461 g/ cm³), wall fraction (67.84%) and Runkel (2.11), Mulsteph (0.90) and Boiler indices (0.81) values, whereas sugarcane bagasse presented higher hemicellulose (17.63%), extractives (12.81%) and flexibility coefficient (46.19%) values. Most properties were similar to those observed in raw materials commonly used for this purpose. Therefore, these two materials have potential for use in the pulp and paper industries.
For several wood uses, such as pulp, paper and charcoal, the presence of the bark is undesirable, compromising production. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the influence of different plant spacings on the properties of the bark of a clone of Eucalyptus grandis x E. camaldulensis at seven years of age at five different plant spacings. The wood discs were removed from the trees at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the commercial height; then we performed thickness, basic density, gross calorific value and mineral content analysis of bark. There were no significant differences among treatments for the bark gross calorific value and thickness. For the bark basic density, the highest values were found in trees planted in wider plant spacings and considering the mineral content, there was a significant difference only for P, Mn and Zn.
Currently, there is a little and sparse information about how the growing conditions influence the spatial variation of wood along the stem. Thus, the aim of this study was to compile the knowledge from literature in a manuscript for better understanding to what extent the growing conditions influence the spatial variation of wood properties in Eucalyptus plantations. The wood characteristics may present variations in their properties and can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. However, how genetic and environmental factor acts on wood variation along the trunk is still unclear. Another point is that even with new genetic breeding programs, the mechanical properties of wood have not been considered in these programs, since the selection of new material is always based on the growing rate, cellulose and lignin content and wood density.
ResumoEste trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar mecanicamente amostras individuais da madeira e do carvão vegetal de Corymbia citriodora e de clones de Eucalyptus urophylla, por meio de ensaios de compressão paralela às fibras e de flexão estática, e ainda, correlacionar as propriedades da madeira com as do carvão produzido. Foram utilizadas 148 amostras, sendo que 74 foram destinadas à avaliação do carvão e 74 à avaliação da madeira. As amostras destinadas ao processo de carbonização foram submetidas a uma taxa de aquecimento de 0,5ºC/min e temperatura final de 450ºC. A madeira e o carvão de C. citriodora apresentaram valores superiores de densidade, rigidez, resistência à compressão e módulo de ruptura, quando comparados à madeira e ao carvão de E. urophylla, indicando ser mais adequados ao uso siderúrgico. O carvão vegetal apresentou forte correlação apenas com a densidade básica da madeira, sendo de média a baixa correlação com o restante das propriedades, mostrando que apenas a densidade básica da madeira pode ser utilizada para prever o comportamento mecânico do carvão vegetal. Palavras-chave: Eucalyptus, carbonização, rigidez e resistência. AbstractThis study aimed to characterize mechanically the wood and charcoal of individual pieces of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla clones through parallel compression tests for fibers and static flexion, and to correlate the properties of the wood with that of the coal produced. 148 specimens were used, of which 74 were used for the evaluation of the charcoal and 74 for the evaluation of the wood. The test specimens for charcoal evaluation were carbonized at a heating rate of 0.5 °C/min and final temperature of 450 ° C. The wood and charcoal of C. citriodora showed significantly higher values of density, stiffness, compressive strength and modulus of rupture when compared to the wood and the charcoal of E. urophylla, indicating to be more suitable for the steel industry. The charcoal showed a strong correlation only with the basic density of the wood, having on average a low correlation with the rest of the properties, indicating that only the basic density of the wood can be used to predict the mechanical behavior of charcoal.
As propriedades mecânicas do carvão são indicadoras de qualidade e influenciam no processo siderúrgico. Os ensaios de avaliação (queda e tamboramento), em geral, apresentam resultados variáveis, comprometendo sua confiabilidade. Por isso, é importante desenvolver metodologias que produzam resultados comparáveis. Esse trabalho objetivou analisar a influência do comprimento do corpo de prova na determinação da rigidez e resistência da madeira e do carvão. Foram utilizados clones de Eucalyptus urophylla, dos quais foram produzidos corpos de prova de seção transversal de 25 mm x 25 mm e comprimentos de 50 mm, 75 mm, 100 mm e 125 mm. Dez amostras de cada comprimento foram selecionadas para a realização do ensaio com madeira, e outras dez para os ensaios com carvão. O módulo de elasticidade e a resistência à compressão foram determinados em ensaio de compressão paralela às fibras. Houve efeito significativo do comprimento do corpo de prova sobre a rigidez e resistência da madeira e do carvão, sendo que os melhores resultados foram encontrados para as dimensões 25 mm x 25 mm x 75 mm. Apenas a dimensão de 25 mm x 25 mm x 50 mm se mostrou inadequada, apresentando resultados inferiores aos relatados em literatura.
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