The protection motivation theory provides a useful framework for investigating factors of tobacco use among male students. Future tobacco prevention interventions should focus on increasing the vulnerability and fear, decreasing intrinsic reward, and improving self-efficacy to reduce tobacco use.

According to the results of this study, TTM is useful in determining the stages of interdental cleaning behaviour among students. However, further interventional researches are suggested to support the potential for eventual use of the TTM as a framework for understanding the determinants of interdental cleaning behaviour.

Background and purpose: Priority health-risk behaviors, often are established during childhood and adolescence, extend into adulthood, and are interrelated and preventable. This study was conducted to determine and compare the prevalence of risky behaviors on both sexes of freshman students enrolled in Tehran University, Iran. Materials and Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical type of cross-sectional survey which has used stratified sampling to select 432 students during 2011-2012. A questionnaire including, 14 demographic questions and 38 questions about risky behaviors such as unintentional intentional injuries, smoking habits, alcohol and drug use, sexual behaviors, nutritional habits, and physical activities was used as the instrument of the study. Attending student's club and passing medical examination, each student completed the self-reported questionnaire. Results: The mean age of participants was 23/2 ± 5/1, the majority of them were single (90.5%), 80.6% were unemployed, and 60.2% were from other cities. The prevalence of smoking cigarette (P < 0.001), using hookah (P < 0.001), carrying a cold weapon (P = 0.049), and driving without license (P < 0.001) were more in boys than girls while eating fruit (P < 0.001), vegetables (P = 0.049), and meat (P = 0.041) were more in girls. There were no significant differences in other risk behaviors (P > 0.05). Conclusion: Some health risk behaviors in boys were more than girls, and there is a possibility of increasing these high-risk behaviors in the university environment. Thus, keeping students under surveillance and adopting preventive actions play a crucial role, and comprehensive training plans to promote health behavior should be designed and implemented.

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) prevents chronic diseases. Self-determination theory (SDT) provides a useful framework to understand the nature of motivational interviewing (MI).ObjectiveThis study aimed to determine the effect of MI-based intervention using SDT on the promotion of PA among women in reproductive age.MethodsSeventy women in reproductive age were selected by clustering sampling method for this randomized controlled trial. The questionnaire included the variables of physical fitness test, SDT, and global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). The validity of the questionnaires was approved using content validity ratio (CVR) and index (CVI). The reliability and internal consistency of the questionnaires and measures was approved using test-retest method and Cronbach’s alpha test, respectively. The intervention group (n=35) received four MI sessions through theory and one standard education session about PA. The control group (n=35) received a standard education session about PA.ResultsFour months after the intervention, an increase in the mean scores of total PA (p<0.001, ES=4.77), physical fitness tests including flexibility (p<0.001, ES=1.59), muscular endurance (p<0.001, ES=2.0), cardiorespiratory endurance (p<0.001, ES=0.51), and a decrease in mean scores of agility test (p<0.001, ES= − 0.51) and sedentary behavior (p<0.01, ES=− 0.74) was observed in the intervention group compared to the control group. The intervention group reported an increase in the scores of intrinsic motivation (p<0.001, ES=3.34), identified regulation (p<0.001, ES= 1.28), perceptions of competence (p<0.001, ES=0.81) and autonomy (p<0.001, ES=2.01), enjoyment (p<0.001, ES=0.98) and health motives (p<0.01, ES=0.19), health care climate (p<0.001, ES=4.6), and a decreased score of external regulation (p<0.01, ES=−0.55) and amotivation (p<0.01, ES= −0.56) over time, compared to the control group.ConclusionMI-based intervention using SDT was effective on the promotion of PA.Trial registrationThe Trial was registered at the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trial (http://www.irct.ir) with the Irct ID: IRCT2015101924592N1.

BackgroundIndividuals suffering from chronic low back pain (CLBP) experience major physical, social, and occupational disruptions. Strong evidence confirms the effectiveness of Alexander technique (AT) training for CLBP.ObjectivesThe present study applied an integrative model (IM) of behavioral prediction for improvement of AT training.MethodsThis was a quasi-experimental study of female teachers with nonspecific LBP in southern Tehran in 2014. Group A contained 42 subjects and group B had 35 subjects. In group A, AT lessons were designed based on IM constructs, while in group B, AT lessons only were taught. The validity and reliability of the AT questionnaire were confirmed using content validity (CVR 0.91, CVI 0.96) and Cronbach’s α (0.80). The IM constructs of both groups were measured after the completion of training. Statistical analysis used independent and paired samples t-tests and the univariate generalized linear model (GLM).ResultsSignificant differences were recorded before and after intervention (P < 0.001) for the model constructs of intention, perceived risk, direct attitude, behavioral beliefs, and knowledge in both groups. Direct attitude and behavioral beliefs in group A were higher than in group B after the intervention (P < 0.03).ConclusionsThe educational framework provided by IM for AT training improved attitude and behavioral beliefs that can facilitate the adoption of AT behavior and decreased CLBP.

Long-term health benefits of physical ... [3] Physical activity on prescription: Studies ... [4] Physical activity in Iran: Results of the ... [5] A survey of social cognitive determinants ... [6] Associations between different types ... [7] Occupational stress and satisfaction ... [8] Teacher role model and students' physical ... [9] Theoretical foundations of health ... [10] Correlation between physical activities ... [11] Social cognitive determinants of physical ... [12] Health promotion by social cognitive ... [13] Social-cognitive determinants of physical ... [14] The relationship between body image, selfefficacy ... [15] International physical activity questionnaire ... [16] International physical activity questionnaire ... [17] Effect of a health education intervention ... [18] A simple, easyto-use spreadsheet for automatic ... [19] Assessing motivational readiness ... [20] Evaluation of standards measuring psycho ... [21] Development and evaluation of the osteoporosis ... [22] Built environment correlates of walking ... [23] The development of scales to measure social ... [24] Physical activity and its determinant factors ... [25] Predictors of physical activity based on self ... [26] Factors explaining regular physical activity ... [27] Ill-health retirement of schoolteachers ... [28] Using of social cognitive theory: predictors ... [29] Social cognitive theory correlates ... [30] Planning mediates between self-efficacy ... [31] The association of self-efficacy and parent ... [32] Application of a social cognitive model in ... [33] The effect of a social cognitive theory-based ... [34] Social cognitive determinants of exercise ... Aims Inactivity among Iranian women is higher than in Iranian men. Since teachers are exposed to occupational damages, it is necessary to consider physical activity in teachers. The Social-Cognitive Theory (SCT) is a useful framework for understanding physical activity behavior. Therefore, the present research was aimed to determine physical activity determinants in female teachers based on SCT. Instrument & Methods This analytic-cross sectional study was performed on 612 female schoolteachers of all educational levels of urban and rural areas of Rasht County using multistage random sampling in the 2019-2020 academic years. The data collection instruments included demographic information, International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form, and Social Cognitive Theory Questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, I used Independent Samples t-test, Analysis of Variance, Spearman Correlation Coefficient, and Multiple Linear Regression tests in SPSS 21 software. Findings The age average of the teachers was 40.25±7.65. Of the total, 331 teachers (54.1%) had light physical activity (0-599 MET minutes/week). It observed the most direct correlation between self-efficacy (r=0.439) and exercise planning (r=0.513) with physical activity behavior.Constructs of exercise Planning (B=0.34, p=0.001) and Self-Efficacy (B=0.14, p=0.003) were the most significant predictors of physical acti...

Background:It cannot be denied that many improvements in female and child health have been achieved worldwide through international family planning programs. More than half of the females (57%) with unintended pregnancy admitted that they had not used birth control the month before conception.Objectives:The aim of this study was to promote family planning practice among females of Zahedan (southeast of Iran) through the transtheoretical model (TTM).Patients and Methods:The current quasi-experimental study was conducted on 96 eligible females, who were allocated either to the case or the control group and were selected from homes in the border of Zahedan city (southeast of Iran) during 2010. Convenience sampling by door-to-door visits was used for finding eligible cases. A TTM-based self-administrated family planning questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants in the intervention group received education in two groups, based on their stage of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and all groups were followed for three months.Results:The result of the chi-square test did not show any significant difference in the stage of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance before education between the control and intervention groups (P = 0.55). After education, subjects in the intervention group moved forward through stage of change and got at least one step closer to the family planning behavior., with this change being significant (P < 0.001), while the movement of participants through stage of change not being significant in control group (P = 1). The results of statistical tests illustrated that the mean knowledge of the intervention group was 7.5 ± 7.1 versus 0.5 ± 4 for the control group (P < 0.001), mean of attitude of the intervention group was 5.5 ± 5.41 versus 0.09 ± 2.04 for the control group (P < 0.001), and practicing family planning methods (P < 0.007) in the intervention group was higher than the control group after education based on TTM.Conclusions:According to this study, the educational plan based on TTM was effective in changing knowledge, attitude, and practice and directing females towards taking action. Moreover, self-efficacy, perceived barriers and benefits are factors that affect the use of family planning methods.

Background Paying more attention to free-roaming dogs’ population control seems to be necessary because of public health and environmental problems. The present study used the community readiness model to determine the readiness of Aradan County in terms of collecting stray dogs. Methods This study is a quantitative-qualitative research study conducted in Aradan County in Semnan Province of Iran. The semi-structured questionnaire uses the six dimensions of the Community Readiness Model as guideline, with 36 items used for the interview. The interviews lasted 45 to 100 minutes with 11 key members including the governor, prefect, mayor’s assistant, city council chairman, key trustees, officials responsible for environmental health network, officials responsible for environmentalism of the city, and governors of a rural district. In quantitative part two, assessors read the interviews carefully and assigned scores based on the rating-scale form suggested by the guideline itself for scoring each dimension. A qualitative directed content analysis with deductive approach was used for analyzing the collected qualitative data. Results The study involved 11 key members of Aradan County, all of whom were male. Most of the participants were over 40 years old and with five years of work experience (73.6 %). The mean score of each six dimensions in Aradan County were: Community efforts (4.78), Community knowledge of efforts (4.28), Leadership (4.90), Community climate (4.38), Community knowledge about the issue (4.20) and Resources related to the issue (3.29) respectively. Community readiness in Aradan County and Aradan City was generally estimated to be in the preplanning stage, whereas vague public awareness was found in the rural areas. In the qualitative part, 870 initial open codes, 589 refund codes, 19 subcategories and 6 themes emerged, including (a) community efforts, (b) community knowledge of the efforts (c) leadership, (d) community climate, (e) community knowledge of the issue, and (f) resources related to the issue. Conclusions For improving the process of collecting the stray dogs, it is necessary to focus on holding educational sessions for the public to increase their partnership and justify the responsible organizations’ activities to collaborate and provide the necessary financial resources.