Background Family caregivers of patients with COVID-19 face many challenges that affect their physical and mental health. Aim The aim of the present study was to explore experiences of family caregivers of patients with COVID-19. Methods This phenomenological study was performed based on 13 family caregivers who had experience in home caring for patients with COVID-19. Data were collected through purposive sampling with in-depth semi-structured interviews. The Colaizzi's 7-step method was used to determine themes. The MAXQDA10 software was used to manage qualitative data analysis. Results Thirteen family caregivers participated. Five main themes describe family caregivers' experiences of caring for patients with COVID-19: nature of the disease; unmet needs; unpleasant physical, psychological, and social experiences; care facilitators and positive experiences. Conclusion Information and financial support for COVID-19 should be provided to family caregivers. Also, community members should embrace patients and family caregivers and reinforce the positive experiences of caregivers.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of nutrition education intervention based on Pender's Health Promotion Model in improving the frequency and nutrient intake of breakfast consumption among female Iranian students.

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Background: Agricultural activities as well as exposure to pesticides could have many adverse effects on health status and reproductive outcomes especially in reproductive aged greenhouse workers. The present study aimed to compare the general and reproductive health outcomes between female greenhouse workers and housewives. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 645 females of reproductive age. They were categorized into two groups according to occupation in greenhouse (308 female greenhouse workers as exposed group and 337 housewives as control group). Participants were interviewed using a questionnaire about reproductive outcomes and occupational status. Clinical measures include blood pressure (BP), pulse and respiratory rate (PR and RR), body mass index (BMI) and hematological parameters. Mann-Whitney U test was used to assess differences between two groups in quantitative variables. Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests was used to determine the differences in the distribution of categorical variables. Data was analyzed using SPSS software version 16. Results: The average daily working hours of the greenhouse workers were 6.94 ± 1.99 h. Only 44.3% of them used personal protective equipment. Data revealed that the rate of spontaneous abortion, infertility, low birth weight (LBW), abnormal births and preterm birth were significantly higher among the greenhouse workers compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). The average number of female infants in greenhouse workers was significantly higher than the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Clinical measurements indicated an increase in RR of greenhouse workers and mean of BMI was decreased in them. Hematological parameters demonstrated that there was a significant increase in white blood cells (WBC) and significant decrease in hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) among the female greenhouse workers compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: Local government efforts is needed to address associated issues including acute effects on health and long-term health risks, resulting from pesticide exposure to greenhouse workers, and gender differences should be considered. Also, occupational health and safety training is necessary and can be helpful in reducing adverse reproductive outcomes.

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Developing theory-driven nutrition education programs may increase student's dairy foods intake.

Background & aim:Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer after breast cancer in women, despite being preventable, a large number of women lose their lives as a result of this disease every year. This study aimed to determine the effect of the educational intervention based on Health Belief Model on performing Pap smear in 20-65 years old women in Yazd. Methods: This study was a quasi-experimental in 2014. The study population included women who referred to health centers in Yazd, among them, 87 women were selected using randomized cluster sampling and divided into case and control groups. Data collection tool was the questionnaire. Two training sessions were performed by means of lectures and group discussions on overviews of cancer, cervical cancer; the serious consequences of the disease, and Pop Smear; its procedures and benefits. Both groups were evaluated before and two months after intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 and statistical independent t-test and pairwise t-test. Results: The results showed that before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the mean score of the model constructs in control and experimental groups. After intervention, the mean scores of perceived susceptibility (p<0.001), perceived intensity (p<0.001) and cues to action (p=0.002) and awareness (p=0.008) showed a significant increase in the experimental group comparing to before intervention, while perceived barriers score (p<0.001) was decreased. Relating to behavior, 63.8 percent (30 persons) performed Pap smear test after intervention while this percentage was 2.8% (1 person) in the control group. Conclusion:The results of the study showed the efficiency of the health belief model on performing Pap smear test in women in Yazd. Based on this model, designing and implementing educational interventions improve the Pap smear performance in women.

Background: While waterpipe tobacco smoking is associated with several health-related risks, its prevalence is on the rise among young age individuals, including high school adolescents. Social aspects related to waterpipe smoking comprise a major reason for the initial orientation to its consumption.