No abstract

BackgroundTrypanocidal drugs have been used to control African animal trypanosomosis for several decades. In Ethiopia, these drugs are available from both authorized (legal) and unauthorized (illegal) sources but documentation on utilization practices and quality of circulating products is scanty. This study looked at the practices of trypanocidal drug utilization by farmers and the integrity of active ingredient in trypanocides sold in Gurage zone, south western Ethiopia. The surveys were based on a structured questionnaire and drug quality determination of commonly used brands originating from European and Asian companies and sold at both authorized and unauthorized markets. One hundred farmers were interviewed and 50 drug samples were collected in 2013 (Diminazene aceturate = 33 and Isometamidium chloride = 17; 25 from authorized and 25 from unauthorized sources). Samples were tested at the OIE-certified Veterinary Drug Control Laboratory (LACOMEV) in Dakar, Senegal, by using galenic standards and high performance liquid chromatography.ResultsTrypanosomosis was found to be a major threat according to all interviewed livestock keepers in the study area. Diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride were preferred by 79% and 21% of the respondents respectively, and 85% of them indicated that an animal receives more than six treatments per year. About 60% of these treatments were reported to be administered by untrained farmers. Trypanocidal drug sources included both unauthorized outlets (56%) and authorized government and private sources (44%). A wide availability and usage of substandard quality drugs was revealed. Twenty eight percent of trypanocidal drugs tested failed to comply with quality requirements. There was no significant difference in the frequency of non-compliance between diminazene-based and isometamidium chloride products (P = 0.87) irrespective of the marketing channel (official and unofficial). However, higher rates of non-compliant trypanocides were detected for drugs originating from Asia than from Europe (P = 0.029).ConclusionThe findings revealed the presence of risk factors for the development of drug resistance, i.e. wide distribution of poor quality drugs as well as substandard administration practices. Therefore, it is strongly recommended to enforce regulatory measures for quality control of veterinary drugs, to expand and strengthen veterinary services and to undertake trypanocidal drug efficacy studies of wider coverage.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12917-017-1327-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

No abstract

Background Trypanosomosis in animal is a major threat for the development of livestock sector in many Africa countries as a result it contributes for the prevailing severe hunger and poverty in most sub-Saharan African countries. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence and drug susceptibility pattern of Trypanosoma congolense in selected districts in Gurage zone, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out in 2000 selected indigenous cattle and eighty (n=80) cattle were selected out of 2000 to carry out drug susceptibility test using longitudinal study. Animals were grouped equally into two (n=40) treatment groups and treated with isometamidium chloride (ISMM) and diminazene aceturate (DIM) according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Sample was collected and the microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used to determine PCV while trypanosomes were detected using dark-ground phase-microscopy. Results The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 4.50% (95% CI=4.28, 4.72) and significantly different among districts (P<0.05) where the highest prevalence (7.1%) was recorded in Abeshege district. The mean PCV for cattle in the longitudinal study (n=80) was 23.2 (95%CI=22.3, 24) with no significance (P>0.05) among the study villages. An overall 37.5% (30/80) drug failure rate was recorded at day 14 post treatment. The failure rate accounted 27.5% (11/40) and 47.5% (19/40) for ISMM and DIM at 14 days post-treatment respectively. Those persistently infected cattle at day 14 were re-treated by exchanging the drug and revealed a failure rate of 26.3% (5/19) and 54.5% (5/11) for ISMM and DA respectively. The mean PCV was variable (P<0.05) before applying treatment (day 0=23.2) and day 28 (PCV=25.09). Conclusions The study revealed that T. congolense developed resistance to ISM and DIM at the given dosage regimen. Therefore, an integrated control approach against the parasite and vectors should be implemented in the area.