This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial or complete replacement of okara meal for soybean meal on broiler performance, nutrients digestibility and economic efficiency. A total number of 350 one-day-old unsexed Ross chicks of nearly similar live body weight (45 g.) were randomly divided into equal five treatments; each contained 70 birds in seven replicates of ten birds each. Five experimental diets were formulated to be approximately iso-caloric and isonitrogenous according to the management recommendation guide data (Ross). Birds were fed starter-growers (1-4 weeks) and finisher (5-7 weeks) diets ad lib and had free access to water for the entire experimental period. The results showed that the whole experimental period, feeding graded levels of okara meal replacing for soybean meal at levels of either 25,50 and 75 % in broiler diets had no significant effect on live body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion rate (FCR) and average live body weight (LBW) compared with control group. However, the differences were significant poorest (P<0.05) as replacing okara meal for soybean meal at a level of 100% compared to control group or other treatments. There were significant decreases (P<0.05) feed intake values due to using different levels of okara meal compared to control group. Results showed a significant increase (P<0.05)in average values of EE and CF digestibility and N retention with using okara meal as replacing for soybean meal at levels of 25,50 and 75% while, the use of high level (100%) significantly decreased most of nutrient digestibility coefficient and nitrogen's balance. The obtained results showed that replacing of soybean meal by okara meal at levels of 25, 50 and 75% in broiler diets had no significant effect on carcass traits of chicks, while full replacement had a significant adverse effect. The results indicated that replacing soybean meal by okara meal in broiler diets up to level of 75% can reduce cost of feeding, save a considerable amounts of expensive ingredients and prevent environmental pollution.
The main objective of this study was to evaluate aflatoxin (AFs) removal ability of probiotic bacteria. Two hundred and seventy one-day-old (Ross 308) broiler chicks were randomly distributed among nine groups. The dietary treatments were: 1 control; 2&3 artificially contaminated diets with 0.5&1mg of AFs, respectively; 4&5 received oral gavages anaerobic caecal culture (probiotic). 6, 7, 8&9 AFscontaminated diets plus probiotic feed additive (AFS-PB). The criteria of evaluation included body weight gain (BWG), Feed consumption (FC), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). The toxic effects of aflatoxins were apparently in groups received AFs contaminated diet which showed significantly lower BWG and FC and impaired FCR compared with control diet. Such effects overcome by adding probiotic bacteria to aflatoxin treated groups. On the other hand, AFs treated group showed significant increased in serum liver function enzymes (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), urea and creatinine levels. The intakes of probiotic bacteria significantly alleviated the elevation of ALT, AST, urea and creatinine levels. The results indicated the effect of probiotic as a potential protective agent against aflatoxin toxicity to decrease the risk of occurrence of liver and kidney dysfunction and occurrence of cancer and protect against both membrane and DNA damage.
The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels life Saccharomyces cerevisiae and yeast cell wall individually or in combination on growth performance, of Ross unsexed broiler chicks from 0-36 days of age. There were 15 dietary treatments and control. The results indicated that weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were significantly influenced by the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with or without yeast cell wall. The results suggest that supplementation of S. cerevisiae with or without yeast cell wall to diets have a positive influence for improving performance of broilers flock
total number of 180 unsexed 7 days old Hubbard broiler chicks were used in this study to assessment of using scrape crude corn oil (SCCO) as an alternative energy source in broiler diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics and economic efficiency. Chicks were divided randomly into six equal treatments (30 birds each). The experiment lasted from 7 to 40 days-old and contained 6 treatments diets which contained different levels of (SCCO) 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, respectively. Results of this experiment showed that, no significant differences between experimental treatments for live body weight (LBW) and daily weight gain (DWG) during the experimental periods. There were no significant differences among treatments for daily feed consumption (DFC) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) during the experimental period. There was no significant effect in carcass traits among treatments. The results showed that the feed price of the diet decreased as the inclusion level of (SCCO) increased as compared to the control group. The relative economic efficiencies of the diets containing 60, 80 and 100% SCCO were higher than other groups. It can be concluded that, scrape crude corn oil can be completely replace corn oil in broiler diets from 7 to 40 days of age without adversely affecting on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and improved relative economic efficiency.
Mushrooms possess antihyperglycemic effect on diabetic individuals due to their nonfibrous and fibrous bioactive compounds. This study aimed to reveal the effect of different types of mushrooms on plasma glucose level and gut microbiota composition in diabetic individuals. The effects of five different mushroom species ( Ganoderma lucidum , GLM; Pleurotus ostreatus , POM; Pleurotus citrinopileatus , PCM; Lentinus edodes , LEM; or Hypsizigus marmoreus , HMM) on alloxan‐induced diabetic rats were investigated in this study. The results indicated that LEM and HMM treatments showed lower plasma glucose levels. For the microbiota composition, ACE , Chao1 , Shannon , and Simpson were significantly affected by PCM and LEM treatments ( p < .05), while ACE, Shannon, and Simpson indexes were affected by HMM treatment ( p < .01). Simpson index was affected in positive control (C+) and POM groups. All these four indices were lower in GLM treatment ( p < .05). Dietary supplementation of mushrooms reduced plasma glucose level directly through mushrooms' bioactive compounds (agmatine, sphingosine, pyridoxine, linolenic, and alanine) and indirectly through stachyose (oligosaccharide) and gut microbiota modulation. In conclusion, LEM and HMM can be used as food additives to improve plasma glucose level and gut microbiome composition in diabetic individuals.
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