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Technologies and skills in the ICT sector have rapidly advanced in the past forty years, but the profession has not kept up with this process. Unfortunately, poorly qualified colleagues are even found in sector today. The EU ensures that the knowledge, skills and creativity of the European workforce (including ICT practitioners) meet the highest standards, by using effective lifelong learning. ICT programs offer workers the full advantage of strategic and operational opportunities. More and better qualified ICT practitioners and e-skilled managers are needed to take advantage of them. That is why e-skills are a central aspect of European policies, which increase the competitiveness and productivity of the workforce. Education providers, government and industries have to collaborate to accomplish these goals. Important factors of the digital divide are networking, internet penetration and services, as well as e-skills on all levels. This research and developments focus on the discovery of the differences in the e-readiness and developing of education programs in agri-informatics to reduce the digital gaps in agriculture and rural areas. In the first part of the article, the usage of network services were evaluated on two regional levels. On the national level, it analyzed the EU member states, in order to compare their actual development level. On a micro-regional level, the SMEs of a typical rural settlement were evaluated, since within the functional analysis, the evaluation of rural regions has grown in importance and, with regard to territory and population, Hungary is mainly classified as a rural area. 106 enterprises were involved in this study and the data collected during the research were derived by Principal Component and Cluster analyses. Farms consider network services to be unnecessary because of the nature of their work, even though most of the factors included in the analysis were considered important or expressly important by service and commercial enterprises, regardless of the applications they use. The second part of the article presents those educational tools which could increase the e-readiness of SMEs and principally aid agricultural enterprises.

The complexity of information flow and cooperation among enterprises operating in a supply chain is growing. This process has a significant impact on the economy and the objective is that both traditional and new ICT (Information and Communication Technology) solutions meet the pressing needs for more efficient business processes. The current paper focuses on enterprises belonging to the food supply chain and analyses some indicators supporting the information flow within the company and with partners (being either a partner enterprise or the final consumer). Our Institute has prepared a survey to examine the ICT usage and attitude by enterprises operating in the agri-food sector. The importance of business processes supportable by ICT had to be assessed by companies. In this study we evaluated the importance of some ICT indicators supporting information flow in the chain. The main objective of the current article is to determine the difference between food enterprises divided by different grouping factors regarding their evaluation of the chosen indicators. In our opinion, competitive advantage may be reached using ICT solutions for widening and maintaining relations through a more effective information flow with partners and consumers.

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After several years of decline, dairy herd and milk production have started to rise from 2011. Considering the first growth phase, in current article we analysed the enterprises operating in the dairy product manufacturing sector in the period of 2012-2016. Among the principal financial indicators, we have chosen ROA and ROE to determine the general financial situation of the enterprises and analyse the changes in the five-year period. Based on the literature review we made our analysis by dimensions of enterprise size categories and regions. Income statement and balance sheet needed for calculating financial indicators of enterprises have been downloaded from EMIS. Enterprises involved in our analysis belonging to small, medium and large size category and mean representative sample as this sample covers 30% of the total population. Share of sample enterprises from key performance indicators is similar to the total population so we can consider our sample representative also in this respect. The average rate of ROA showed growth from 2012 to 2016 for all regions and the largest increase occurred in the Northern Great Plain. Moreover, this region experienced the strongest increase in the average export share (from 4% to 20%), but three regions showed some decrease. The average rate of ROE calculated for the Central-Hungarian region, however, declined. Total assets value of enterprises analysed increased in the five years under consideration, however, this growth is mainly due to the increase of assets of large enterprises. The share of large companies from the total assets rose by 7% during the five years (from 64% to 71%), while the share of small and medium sized enterprises fell. Considering small enterprises, the total value of the domestic sales revenue in 2016 declined by 30% below the level of 2012. In the first two years analysed, a significant recovery of export revenues was noted, the total value export sales revenues almost doubled from 2012 to 2014. Domestic sales revenues of medium sized enterprises in 2016 show only a small percentage difference compared to 2012, but the trend of export sales is similar to small companies. The increase of domestic and export sales revenue of large companies is slight but continuous. Indicators of ROA and ROE show dynamic increase for large companies during the five years. Medium sized enterprises also experienced growth, however, in the last the years considered there was a fall. ROA calculated for small enterprises became positive, but its value is volatile, while ROE clearly show a continuing decrease.

Az információ, mint új termelési tényez? jelent meg az agrárgazdaságban is. A megfelel? információnak a megfelel? id?ben való megléte a gazdálkodás eredményességét jelent?sen meghatározza. Napjainkban az interneten keresztül juthatunk leggyorsabban információhoz, ezért a vidéki területek szélessávú fejlesztése egyre jobban el?térbe kerül. Az agrárvállalkozások számára szintén fontos a szélessávú internet hozzáférés többek között az e-közigazgatás növekv? jelent?sége miatt, hiszen lehet?séget nyújt a törvényi szabályozások, rendeletek gyorsabb eléréséhez, tájékozódhatnak a beszerzési és értékesítési lehet?ségekr?l. A cikk el? részében az internet hozzáférés jelent?ségét és a szélessávú infrastruktúra vidéki jellemz?it ismertetjük. Ezek után kérd?íves felmérés eredményei alapján bemutatjuk, hogy a gazdák milyen módon és milyen célokra használják az internet szolgáltatásokat. A vizsgálataink alapján az infrastrukturális ellátottságban és az e-szolgáltatások használatában egyaránt elmaradás tapasztalható a nálunk fejlettebb európai országokhoz képest. Az információs társadalmi technológiák segíthetnek, hogy a kisebb agrárvállalkozások az elmaradottabb térségekben is életképesek, illetve versenyképesek lehessenek.

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