ABSTRAKProgram-program pemerintah yang bersifat populis memiliki peluang untuk digunakan incumbent atau petahana sebagai bentuk strategi untuk menaikkan tingkat keterpilihan atau mempertahankan suara dalam pemilihan kepala daerah. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pola yang sama terjadi juga dalam alokasi hibah dan bantuan sosial (bansos) di Provinsi Banten pada tahun 2011. Penelitian ini bermaksud untuk menjawab pertanyaan: apakah alokasi hibah dan bansos yang dilakukan oleh incumbent pada tahun 2011 di Provinsi Banten merupakan bentuk politik distributif yang termasuk pork barrel? Dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif terutama wawancara, pengamatan di lapangan serta penelusuran dokumen-dokumen tertulis, penelitian ini bermaksud untuk mengemukakan kecenderungan digunakannya alokasi hibah dan bansos sebagai strategi politik yang lebih bersifat pork barrel dengan menargetkan wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi basis suara calon petahana serta kelompok-kelompok keagamaan tertentu yang berpengaruh. Penelitian ini juga menegaskan bahwa konsep pork barrel dapat dikembangkan dari konsep awalnya untuk mencakup kebijakan yang diinisiasi oleh eksekutif dan dapat terjadi di tingkat lokal.Kata kunci: politik distributif, pemilukada, pork barrel, hibah, bantuan sosial ABSTRACT The populist programs deployed by government have a higher degree of being used as strategy to increase support at elections known as pork barrel politics. This paper finds that similar pattern also happened in the allocation of grants and social assistance in the province of Banten provided by the local government. This research aims at answering the question: can the grants and social assistances allocated by incumbent in Banten Province in 2011 be categorized as pork barrel distributive politics? By using qualitative method, this study unveils a tendency that both allocation of grants and social assistance were utilized as political strategy by targeting the stronghold suppor-*Penulis adalah Staf Ahli Anggota DPR RI. **Penulis adalah Dosen Departemen Ilmu Politik FISIP UI.
ABSTRAKWalaupun berhasil mendapatkan suara terbanyak di Jakarta pada pemilihan umum tahun 2004, PKS nampak sulit untuk mewujudkan keuntungan politik tersebut dan mendapatkan kekuasaan eksekutif dengan memenangkan pemilihan kepala daerah di Jakarta. Setelah kekalahan dengan selisih yang relatif tipis pada pemilihan kepala daerah tahun 2007, kandidat dari partai tersebut juga gagal untuk bersaing dengan kandidat lain di putaran kedua pada pemilihan kepala daerah berikutnya. Dengan menerapkan beberapa teori yang menjelaskan kandidat bekerja di pemilihan lokal, tulisan ini mendiskusikan beberapa kemungkinan penjelasan mengenai kegagalan Hidayat Nur Wahid, kandidat dari PKS, pada pemilihan kepala daerah di Jakarta pada tahun 2012. Tulisan ini berpendapat bahwa walaupun ada kemungkinan faktor agama, dalam hal ini Islam, bekerja di dalamnya, bukanlah kandidat dari partai Islam seperti PKS yang terdepan dalam memanfaatkannya mengingat ada faktor lain yang juga bekerja seperti karakter pribadi, sumber politik dan faktor media. Dalam kasus ini, kegagalan untuk menawarkan kandidat dengan kemampuan untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah perkotaan merupakan faktor yang membuat pemilih perkotaan untuk cenderung tidak berada pada pihak kandidat dari partai Islam, walaupun mereka memiliki kesamaan identitas relijius.Kata kunci: politik perkotaan, partai Islam, kandidat partai, pemilihan kepala daerah, identitas relijius ABSTRACT Despite its success in obtaining more votes in the 2004 general election in Jakarta than the previous election in 1999, the Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (PKS) has turn its voter support into local executive power by winning a gubernatorial election in the capital. After a narrow defeat in the 2007 local election, the party's candidate who had a respectable reputation also failed to further its bid for the second round of the following local election. By applying the existing possible explanations of urban candidacy in local elections, this paper aims at discussing the possible explanations for the failure of Hidayat Nur Wahid, the PKS candidate, in the 2012 gubernatorial election. The paper argues that in spite of the likely influence of religion, in this case, Islam, the party's candidate is at the forefront position to maximise it since such other factors as personal character, * The writer is a lecturer at Department of Political Science, Universitas Indonesia. He is also currently an Honorary Research Fellow at the Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies, University of Exeter, UK. 6 JURNAL POLITIK, VOL. 2, NO. 1, AGUSTUS 2016 political resources and media are playing role in this context. In this case, the failure to offer a candidate with the capacity to tackle urban problems makes urban voters unlikely to be on their side, although they share the similar religious identity.
The establishment of a senate-like body of DPD (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or Regional Representative Council) in Indonesia since 2004 has been opening a new opportunity for individuals or civil society organizations - which was responded by Muhammadiyah - to take part in the legislative body without formally entered into the political system. As exemplified by three cases in Yogyakarta, South Sulawesi and West Sumatra, three local offices of Muhammadiyah have participated in in the last three DPD elections – 2004, 2009, and 2014; and won a seat each in the latest one. The political behavior has proven the inherently political consciousness of civil-cum-Islamic social-religious organizations like Muhammadiyah, which will be exercised and articulated whenever the opportunities are available. Yet, due to different organizational strengths and social-cultural capitals of each local offices, there were diverse approaches and political strategies adopted to mobilize members and sympathizers thus converting them into a vote.
<p>One of the technologies that will be used to overcome the problem of environmental pollution due to the generation of greywater is by applying Constructed Wetlands using aquatic plants. Aquatic plants that will be used in this study are using Bintang Air (<em>Cyperus papyrus</em>) and Bambu Air (<em>Equisetum hyemale</em>) plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of decreasing BOD<sub>5</sub> and COD parameters and comparing the ability of each plant to absorb pollutants in greywater. The results showed that the Bintang Air (<em>Cyperus papyrus</em>) plant was able to set aside BOD<sub>5</sub> levels of 97.14% while the efficiency of COD levels was 95.43%. At Bambu Air (<em>Equisetum hyemale</em>) it is able to set aside BOD<sub>5</sub> levels by 90.34% while efficiency for COD is 89.67%. When viewed from the ability of the two types of plants to absorb pollutants in domestic wastewater, the Bintang Air (<em>Cyperus papyrus</em>) plant is superior in absorbing pollutants than the Bambu Air (<em>Equisetum hyemale</em>) plant.</p>
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