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Plant glutathione S-transferases are integral to normal plant metabolism, and biotic and abiotic stress tolerance. GST gene family has been characterized in diverse plant species using molecular biology and bioinformatics approaches. In the current study, in silico analysis identified 44 GSTs in Vigna radiata. Of the total 44 GSTs identified, chromosomal locations of 31 GSTs were confirmed. The pI value of GST proteins ranged from 5.10 to 9.40. The predicted molecular weights ranged from 13.12 to 50 kDa. Subcellular localization analysis revealed that all GSTs were predominantly localized in the cytoplasm. The active site amino acids were confirmed to be serine in tau, phi, theta, zeta and TCHQD; cysteine in lambda, DHAR and omega; and tyrosine in EF1G. The gene architecture conformed to the 2 exon-1 intron and 3 exon-2 intron organization in case of tau and phi classes, respectively. MEME analysis identified 10 significantly conserved motifs with the width of 8 to 50 amino acids. The motifs identified were either specific to a specific GST class, or were shared by multiple GST classes. The results of the current study will be of potential importance in the characterization of GST gene family in V. radiata, an economically important leguminous crop.

Glutathione S-transferases are a multifunctional protein superfamily that is involved in diverse plant functions such as defense mechanisms, signaling, stress response, secondary metabolism, plant growth and development. Although the banana whole genome sequence is available but the distribution of GST genes on banana chromosomes, their subcellular localization, gene structure, their evolutionary relation with each other, conserved motifs and their roles in banana are still unknown. A total of 50 full length GST genes with the canonical thioredoxin fold have been identi ed belonging to seven GST classes namely tau, phi, zeta, lambda, DHAR, EF1G and GHR. The 50 GST genes were distributed into 11 banana chromosomes. All the MaGSTs were majorly localized in the cytoplasm. Gene architecture showed the conservation of exon numbers in individual GST classes. MEME analyses revealed few class speci c motifs and many motifs were found in all the GST classes. Multiple sequence alignment of banana GST amino acid sequences with rice, Arabidopsis and soybean sequences revealed the Ser and Cys as conserved catalytic residue. Gene duplication analyses showed the tandem duplication as a driving force for GST gene family expansion in banana. Cis-regulatory element analysis showed the dominance of light responsive element followed by stress and hormone responsive element. Expression pro ling analyses was also done by RNA-seq data. It was observed that MaGSTs are involved in various stages of fruit development. MaGSTU1 was highly upregulated. The comprehensive and organized studies of MaGST genes family provides groundwork for further functional analysis of MaGST genes in banana at molecular level and further for plant breeding approaches.

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Plant glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are multifunctional conserved protein superfamily that is involved in various biological processes such as growth and development, cellular detoxification, stress biology, and various signaling processes. In the current study, a comprehensive genome-wide identification and characterization of the GST gene family were performed in the agriculturally important legume crop Cajanus cajan. A total of 68 GST genes were identified that belong to eight GST classes based on their conserved domains and motifs. Among 68 CcGST genes, 37 CcGST genes were found on seven Cajanus chromosomes and the remaining CcGST genes were found on the scaffold. Segmental and tandem duplication, both were the driving forces of CcGST gene family expansion. The conserved pattern of exon and intron structure among the different GST classes was observed. The secondary prediction showed the dominance of α- helices. Ser is the highly phosphorylated site in CcGSTs. The subcellular localization prediction of CcGSTs revealed their dominance in the cytoplasm. The physicochemical properties of major CcGST proteins reveal that they are acidic in nature. The expression profiling study revealed the high expression of CcGSTU38, CcGSTU40, CcGSTU44, CcGSTL3, CcGSTL4, CcEF1G1, CcEF1G2, CcDHAR2 and CcGSTF6 in most of the developmental stages in different anatomical tissues. The molecular docking study of highly expressed CcGSTU38 with eight herbicide safeners revealed its highest binding affinity with Fenclorim (-5.44 kcal/mol). This gene could be a potential candidate for future molecular characterization under herbicide stress. The results of the current study endow us with the further functional analysis of Cajanus GSTs in the future.

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Plant ATP- binding cassette (ABC) protein family is the largest multifunctional highly conserved protein superfamily that transports diverse substrates across biological membranes by the hydrolysis of ATP and is also the part of the several other biological processes like cellular detoxification, growth and development, stress biology, and signaling processes. In the agriculturally important legume crop Cajanuscajan, a genome-wide identification and characterization of the ABC gene family was carried out. A total of 159 ABC genes were identified that belong to eight canonical classes CcABCA to CcABCG and CcABCI based on the phylogenetic analysis. The number of genes was highest in CcABCG followed by CcABCC and CcABCB class. A total of 85 CcABC genes were found on 11 chromosomes and 74 were found on scaffold. Tandem duplication was the major driver of CcABC gene family expansion. The dN/dS ratio revealed the purifying selection. The phylogenetic analysis revealed class specific eight superclades which reflect their functional importance. The largest clade was found to be CcABCG which reflects their functional significance. CcABC proteins were mainly basic in nature and found to be localized in the plasma membrane.The secondary structure prediction revealed the dominance of α-helix. The canonical transmembrane and nucleotide binding domain, signature motif LSSGQ, Walker A, Walker B region and Q loop were also identified. A class-specific exon- intron pattern was also observed. In addition to core elements, different cis-acting regulatory elements like stress, hormone, and cellular responsive were also identified. Expression profiling of CcABC genes at various developmental stages of different anatomical tissues was performed and it was noticed that CcABCF3, CcABCF4, CcABCF5, CcABCG66,and CcABCI3 had the highest expression. The results of the current study endow us with the further functional analysis of Cajanus ABC in the future.