Honey is used in the food industry as a natural sweetener and has therapeutic effects on the human body. Obtaining quality honey involves using organic preventive and treatment agents in beekeeping. The most common of these agents are probiotic supplements. This research aimed to study honey’s interaction with an inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms from the probiotic supplement Immunobacterin-D under laboratory and experimental field conditions. At the first stage of the research, we assessed the effects of ten honey varieties (buckwheat, sunflower, meadow and forest plants, linden) on B. subtilis and B. licheniformis from the dry probiotic supplement. The honey-containing nutrient media had an inhibitory effect on the growth of B. subtilis colonies. After 24 hours of cultivation under aerobic conditions, the concentration of B. subtilis decreased, on average, from 5×1012 colony-forming units in 1 g to 3.2×104 and 2.1×105 CFU/g in samples with monofloral and polyfloral honey, respectively. These results emphasize the need for further research on the symbiotic role of microflora in the stability of the microbiota of the hive and bee colony ecosystem. The next stage of the study investigated the probiotic effect on bee colonies in the field. Observations were made on the sanitary conditions of the hives and the behaviour of bees at the Petrodolyna demo apiary. No differences were found at the macro hive-bee colony ecosystem level between control bee colonies (n = 5) and the experimental ones (n = 5) that had received carbohydrate feeding with added probiotics. This confirms the inhibitory effect of honey on the development of bacteria, which eliminates the risk of uncontrolled growth of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis strain colonies inside the hive and the bacteria getting into bee products. The probiotic had positive effects, increasing the live weight of worker bees by 9.15% by the end of the apiary season compared to the control. This can improve the viability of the bees during wintering. At the last stage of the research, the honey obtained from the experimental colonies was checked for the spores of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis using melissopalynology.
Досліджена забезпеченість бджолозапилення основних сільськогосподарських ентомофільних культур в Україні (соняшник, гречка, ріпак) та науково обґрунтована необхідність його використання в аграрному виробництві. Згідно із завданнями дослідження, розрахована структура посівних площ основних сільськогосподарських ентомофільних культур в Україні у 1990 та 2020 р., проаналізовано динаміку посівних площ основних сільськогосподарських ентомофільних культур, чисельності бджолиних сімей в Україні за період з 1990 по 2020 р. та урожайність соняшнику та ріпаку в Україні за останні п’ять років (2017–2020 рр.). Розрахована кількість бджолиних сімей, яка припадає на 1 гектар соняшнику, ріпаку та гречки і проаналізована забезпеченість їх бджолозапилення. Для цього були використані дані Державної служби статистики України щодо наявності бджолосімей, посівних площ соняшнику, ріпаку та гречки за останні тридцять років (1990–2020 рр.) без урахування тимчасово окупованої території Автономної Республіки Крим, м. Севастополя та частини тимчасово окупованих територій у Донецькій та Луганській областях. Аналіз забезпеченості бджолозапилення основних сільськогосподарських ентомофільних культур в Україні показує, що на 1 га гречки припадає 13,5 бджолиних сімей, ріпаку – 3,4, соняшнику – 0,4. Наявним бджолиним сім’ям критично не вистачає нектару з гречки для повноцінного взятку, а для повноцінного запилення соняшнику – не вистачає бджолиних сімей. Хоч у середньому в країні вистачає бджолиних сімей для запилення ріпаку озимого, але оскільки розподіл їх нерівномірний, то у деяких областях їх не вистачає, зокрема, у Волинській, Чернігівській, Одеській, Херсонській, Тернопільській, Львівській, Київській. У цих областях на 1 га цієї культури припадає від 0,9 до 1,8 бджолиних сімей. Найбільш складна ситуація в Україні із запиленням соняшнику, особливо у одинадцяти областях (Луганська, Херсонська, Дніпропетровська, Запорізька, Кіровоградська, Одеська, Київська, Миколаївська, Харківська, Чернігівська та Донецька), у яких на 1 га посівів цієї культури припадає від 0,1 до 0,4 бджолині сім’ї. На Полтавщині та Черкащині цей показник на рівні нижньої межі (0,5), у решти регіонів коливається в межах 0,6–22,8. Така ситуація, поряд з іншими чинниками, негативно позначається на урожайності соняшнику та ріпаку в Україні. Застосування керованого бджолозапилення, на відміну від екстенсивного шляху виробництва, дозволить уникнути нераціонального використання ґрунту, як одного з найважливіших природних ресурсів держави.Це забезпечить економічне зростання, а також сприятиме реалізації державної екологічної політики України.
Beekeeping is one of the essential branches of agriculture in Ukraine, the main activity of which is aimed at breeding bees and obtaining honey and other products beneficial for human health. Maintaining the physiological state of bee colonies at the proper level is one of the essential tasks of veterinary medicine doctors and beekeepers. Compliance with veterinary and sanitary requirements at bee farms is the basis of preventing infectious pathologies in bee colonies. Since the body of insects has a fast metabolism, any infectious pathology quickly acquires a massive manifestation. One indicative symptom of infectious damage to the “gut” of bees is dyspepsia. Diarrhea, anorexia, and loss of productivity are observed in bees in this condition. The market of means to prevent such pathological manifestations in beekeeping is relatively narrow. The healing and favorable properties of honey, manifested in pain-relieving, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory effects, have been known since ancient times. Sunflower honey differs from other types in a wide range of components, particularly phytoncides, which inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, the main goal of the experiment was a laboratory study of the effect of different concentrations of sunflower honey sieve on the mixed microbial association isolated from bees with signs of dyspepsia. The activity of sunflower honey in laboratory conditions was studied by the disco-diffusion method in Petri dishes on MPA medium (meat-peptone agar). To obtain syrup from sunflower honey, sunflower honey was diluted with distilled water in a ratio of 1:1, working solutions were prepared from sunflower honey syrup in dilutions of 1:2, 1:4, 1:10, 1:100. The data analysis indicates the bacteriostatic activity of the syrup from sunflower honey in all studied concentrations concerning the mixed microbial association. Moreover, the largest diameter of the growth inhibition zone of the studied microorganisms was noted when the syrup from sunflower honey was diluted in a ratio of 1:10 (19.2 ± 0.42 mm). In turn, the antagonistic effect of the syrup from sunflower honey was observed in all dilutions concerning the mixed microbial association, where the largest diameter of the antagonism was 19.6 ± 0.27 mm when the disc was impregnated with the native working solution. Thus, it is promising to accumulate and identify a pure culture antagonist concerning a mixed culture of bacteria isolated during bee diarrhea to further create a pharmacological agent for preventing infectious pathologies of bees in unhealthy apiaries.
The important role of honey bees has been known for a long time, as the successful work of Apis mellifera helps to maintain natural biogeocenoses and provides humanity with food and medicinal production. The massive loss of honeybee colonies in the southern and eastern border regions of Ukraine is putting a strain on beekeeping production in the north-western regions of Ukraine. To intensify apiaries, there is a need for systematic and regular monitoring research. Epizootic monitoring provides data on the health of honey bees in a specific geographical region that can be scientifically substantiated. To analyse the epizootic situation with contagious bee diseases in the Rivne region in 2017–2022, we used official data from the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Consumer Protection in the Rivne region. In addition to epizootic monitoring, the aim of our study was to identify the most common bee diseases in this region. The analysis of the results shows that diagnostic tests for varroosis and nosema, acarapidosis, American and European foulbroods, and amoebiasis are planned and carried out systematically. From 2017 to 2021, the number of diagnostic tests for bacterial diseases of bees was increased. At the same time, in 2022, the activity of such research decreased by 6.4% in comparison to 2021. A different pattern was registered for parasitic diseases of bees. For example, there was an increase in the number of such studies from 2019 (1678 studies) to 2022 (3184 studies). It was found that the Rivne region has been safe from American and European foulbroods, acarapidosis, braulosis and amoebiasis for the last 6 years. Varoosis and nosema are registered annually in 2017–2022, with the infection rate for these diseases set at 11.06 % (2020) – 14.82 % (2022), respectively. This data is likely to indicate a change in the economic situation of beekeepers, which makes it impossible to prevent hives from being treated for certain diseases in a timely manner. Thus, the analysis of laboratory tests for contagious diseases of bees helps to detail the epizootic state of a particular region, which allows to determine the direction for veterinary and sanitary measures for a specific apiary.
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