Kharakterystyka epizootychnoyi sytuatsiyi zi skazu v Ukrayini [Characterisation of the epizootic situation for rabies in Ukraine]. Tvarynnytstvo Ukrayiny-Stock raising of Ukraine, 9, 16-19 [in Ukrainian]. 6. Guidance for research on oral rabies vaccines and Field application of oral vaccination of dogs against rabies.
The analysis of scientific literature shows that the study of adrenal morphology in humans and animals is an urgent problem of biology and medicine from ancient times to the present day. In the historical aspect, we can distinguish three stages of studying the adrenal gland that differ in the directions of research. The first stage corresponds to the research of scientists of the XVI–XVIII centuries (Bartolomeo Eustachio, Andreas Vesalius, Gabriele Folloppio, Girolamo Fabrici, Andriaan Spieghel, Johann Vesling, Giulia Casseria, Caspar Bauhin, Johann Grafenberg, Caspar Bartholin, Thomas Bartholin, Giulio Casserio, Antonio Molinetti, Jean Riolan, Thomas Wharton, Giovanni Lancisi, Jakob Winslow, Antony Valsalva, Albrecht Haller, Johann Meckel, Jean Senac, Armand Cassan). Their works is devoted to the study of topography, macroscopic structure and function of the adrenal gland. Studies of morphological scientists of the second stage (late XVIII – mid XX century) correspond to the study of the structure of the adrenal gland at the microscopic level. Scientists like Albert Kelliker, Johann Ecker, Thomas Addison, Gabriel Colin, Alfred Kohn and Jay Arnold used histological and histochemical research methods. Edward Schafer, George Oliver, Vladislav Szymonowicz, John Abel, Jokiti Takmine, Welter Cannon, Edward Kendall to the study of the features of adrenal hormone secretion. Scientific works of the mid-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries can be combined in the third stage of research on the morphology of the adrenal gland. It is devoted to solving issues related to the formation of the adrenal gland in the process of filogenesis and ontogenesis, the features of the structure and function of the organ in normal and pathological conditions. A significant contribution to the study of the morphology of the adrenal gland of animals at the third stage was made by such scientists as Ziyade A. M., Dardykina O. N., Harina V. V., Atagimov M. Z., Torguj P. M., Antipin I. A., Shishkin A. P., Volkova M. V., Shevchenko L. F., Sidorova O. G., Vovchenko M. B., Salekh M. M., Ovcharenko N. D., Zaika S. V., Samatova I. M., Gorbacheva E. S., Pronin V. V., Kuznecov A. V., Pashinin N. S., Strel’nikova I. G., Barvenko A. D., Fedotov D. N., Izatulin A. V., Kvarackheliya A. G., Silkina A. V., Muhametov A. I. Among the studies of morphologists of the third period, the method of electron microscopy prevails.
Aim. To determine the difference in immune responses of the harderian gland in clinically healthy chickens and the ones with infectious bronchitis based on the content, localization and morphometric estimation of the surface markers of Т- and В-lymphocytes and to determine the differentiation index as an indicator of assessing body defenses. Methods. Histological, immunohistochemical, optical, morphometric and statistical. Results. The histological study of the harderian gland of chickens with infectious bronchitis determined the swelling and proliferation of the connective tissue as well as infiltration of secretory lobules by lymphoid cells. It was found that the immunity of chickens with infectious bronchitis, in which the harderian gland plays a relevant role, depends considerably on the differentiation index of immunocompetent cells. There was a reliable 1.77- and 1.36-fold decrease in this indicator for 40- and 90-day-old chickens, respectively, in case of nephroso-nephritic form of infectious bronchitis which demonstrated a weaker function of the defense cells of this organ. According to the cytomorphometric analysis, the number of cells, expressing CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD45RA+ markers in the harderian gland of sick 20-, 40-, and 90-day-old chickens with respiratory and nephroso-nephritic forms of infectious bronchitis was reliably (P < 0.05) increasing compared to the clinically healthy chickens. For instance, the number of mature В-lymphocytes increased in sick 20-day-old chickens – 2.44 times, 40-day-old chickens – 1.88 times, and 90-day-old ones – 2.62 times compared to clinically healthy chickens. Conclusions. The data were obtained about the changes in quantitative and qualitative composition of lymphocytes with surface markers CD4+, CD8+, CD20+, CD45RA+ in the harderian gland of chickens with infectious bronchitis. Our results will supplement current knowledge about the feasibility of immunohistochemical methods in the diagnostics of avian infectious bronchitis.
It is difficult to differentiate the disease by clinical signs; therefore, the main criteria for diagnosing hemophilic polyserositis should be considered pathological changes characteristic of the disease. Piglets are aged 30–60 days are most often affected. On average, pigs can die five hours after the manifestation of clinical signs. The autopsy results have revealed severe polyserositis, fibrinous layering around the lungs and heart, swelling of the liver with fibrinous deposition, and intestinal epithelium overloaded with fibrin pellicle. The autopsy of the dead piglets has shown the changes, characterized by massive overlays of fibrin pellicles and threads on the surface of the costal and pulmonary pleura, diaphragm, peritoneum, omentum, the serous membrane of the intestine, as well as the liver capsule. In the thoracic and abdominal cavities and pericardium, a significant accumulation of straw-yellow exudate with abundant fibrin threads has been revealed. Rib and lung pleura were covered with fibrinous overlays of gray-white and gray-yellow color. When the overlays were removed, swelling, dullness, matting, and sometimes bluishness of the pleura with a grayish tint were found. In several cases, fibrinous layering was of considerable thickness, which caused the fusion of serous sheets. Macroscopically, the bronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes were enlarged, juicy, grayish, or grayish-red in color; sometimes, dotted hemorrhages were observed in them. A cloudy, reddish liquid was flowing from the surface of their cut. At the pathological examination, the lungs were enlarged in volume, dense in consistency, and dark red. Interstitial pneumonia was observed, and in some cases, fibrinous inflammation of the pleura and foci of atelectasis alternated with small emphysema areas. The liver was enlarged and flabby; the lobular structure was weakly expressed. The cut surface was dull, gray-red, and sometimes red-brown. The vessels of the small intestine were injected. That is, fibrinous polysterositis, arthritis, and meningoencephalitis are characteristic of the pathology. Therefore, from the pathomorphological changes, it can be assumed that the dissemination of the causative agent of hemophilic polyserositis occurs in a short time. In the acute stage of the disease and fatal cases, the pathogen is often found in the joints, serous membranes, spleen, liver, lungs, pericardium, and brain. The localization of the pathogen is specific – it is the serous membranes. The penetration of the causative agent into the brain can indirectly judge the relatively high invasive properties of the microorganism.
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