Designing new quantum materials with long-lived electron spin states urgently requires a general theoretical formalism and computational technique to reliably predict intrinsic spin relaxation times. We present a new, accurate and universal first-principles methodology based on Lindbladian dynamics of density matrices to calculate spin-phonon relaxation time of solids with arbitrary spin mixing and crystal symmetry. This method describes contributions of Elliott-Yafet and D'yakonov-Perel' mechanisms to spin relaxation for systems with and without inversion symmetry on an equal footing. We show that intrinsic spin and momentum relaxation times both decrease with increasing temperature; however, for the D'yakonov-Perel' mechanism, spin relaxation time varies inversely with extrinsic scattering time. We predict large anisotropy of spin lifetime in transition metal dichalcogenides. The excellent agreement with experiments for a broad range of materials underscores the predictive capability of our method for properties critical to quantum information science.

Aluminum nanostructures are a promising alternative material to noble metal nanostructures for several photonic and catalytic applications, but their ultrafast electron dynamics remain elusive. Here, we combine singleparticle transient extinction spectroscopy and parameter-free first-principles calculations to investigate the non-equilibrium carrier dynamics in aluminum nanostructures. Unlike gold nanostructures, we find the sub-picosecond optical response of lithographically fabricated aluminum nanodisks to be more sensitive to the lattice temperature than the electron temperature. We assign the rise in the transient transmission to electron−phonon coupling with a pump-power-independent lifetime of 500 ± 100 fs and theoretically confirm this strong electron−phonon coupling behavior. We also measure electron−phonon lifetimes in chemically synthesized aluminum nanocrystals and find them to be even longer (1.0 ± 0.1 ps) than for the nanodisks. We also observe a rise and decay in the transient transmissions with amplitudes that scale with the surface-to-volume ratio of the aluminum nanodisks, implying a possible hot carrier trapping and detrapping at the native oxide shell−metal core interface.

One of the most important goal in minor surgical procedures is to achieve proper and sufficient anesthesia and analgesia preoperatively, intraoperatively and in the immediate postoperative period. Several local anesthetic agents have been cited in the literature and studied. Bupivacaine is one of the most common long-acting anesthetic agents being used for surgical removal of impacted third molars. Lignocaine is one of the commonest short-acting anesthetic agents being used for the same procedure. In this review article, the analgesic and anesthetic abilities of the bupivacaine versus lignocaine have been reviewed while surgical removal of impacted third molars.

The zygomaticomaxillary complex (ZMC) plays a key role in the structure, function, and esthetic appearance of the facial skeleton. They can account for approximately 40% of mid-face fractures. They are the second most common facial bone fracture after nasal bone injuries. The fracture complex results from a direct blow to the malar eminence and results in three distinct fracture components that disrupt the anchoring of the zygoma. In addition, the fracture components may result in impingement of the temporalis muscle, trismus (difficulty with mastication) and may compromise the infraorbital foramen/nerve resulting in hypesthesia within its sensory distribution. A 4-year retrospective review of all patients treated with ZMC fractures at oral and maxillofacial surgery department, sree balaji dental college and hospital was performed. Computed tomography scans were reviewed. Demographics, treatment protocols, outcomes, complications, reoperations, and length of follow-up were identified. A total of 245 patients was identified by the Current Procedural Terminology codes for ZMC fractures. Closed or open reduction methods were performed with the goal of treatment being preservation of normal facial structure, sensory function, globe position, and mastication functionality. Unacceptably poor surgical outcomes are uncommon. Significant facial asymmetry requiring surgical revision occurs in 3-4% of patients. Postoperative infection rates are extremely low, and these infections nearly always resolve with oral antibiotics. In general, the long-term prognosis after repair of ZMC fractures is very good.

The aim of this study was to survey the association of congenitally missing anterior tooth and variations in craniofacial morphology in South Indian female patients. A total of 15 female patients with congenitally missing tooth in the maxillary anterior region were selected. 16 linear and 6 angular measurements were done on the lateral cephalograms of each subject with Legan and Burstone analysis. The cephalometric data was statistically analyzed and compared among each patient and against the cephalometric norms for the South Indian standards using Legan and Burstone analysis. The anterior hypodontia pattern showed shorter posterior cranial base length, significantly more retrognathic maxilla and prognathic mandible, flat chin, decreased upper anterior facial height, decreased mandibular angle and elongation of upper incisors. Patients with anterior hypodontia pattern have characteristic variations in craniofacial morphology. The dentofacial variations seen in persons with congenitally missing tooth is actually a functional compensation.

Orthodontic treatment planning decisions are dependent on the assessment of growth status. Skeletal maturity could be assessed with various radiologic and non-radiologic biologic markers.The purpose of our study was to investigate the reliability of serum Insulin like Growth Factor – 1(IGF-1) as a skeletal maturity indicator in comparison to the stages in cervical vertebral maturation (CVM). Twenty five subjects with skeletal class II malocclusion in the age range of 11-19 years were recruited for the study. The cervical vertebrae staging was assessed by lateral cephalograms. Blood was collected aseptically and serum was separated. The serum levels of IGF- 1 were quantitatively assessed using a commercial ELISA kit, IGF-1 600 ELISA (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany). There was a significant decline in the mean IGF-1 levels with increase in age in both the sexes. Statistically significant difference was observed in the concentration of IGF-1 among the different age groups. There was a significant decline in the mean IGF-1 levels with increase in CVM staging from stage 2 to stage 4. IGF-1 could be a more reliable biologic skeletal maturity indicator in comparison to cervical vertebral maturity indicator and thus could predict more accurately the growth status of the mandible to facilitate correction of skeletal class II jaw discrepancies.

Background:Supraclavicular brachial plexus provides complete and reliable anesthesia for upper limb surgeries. Adjuvants are added to local anesthetists to improve various block characteristics. There are limited studies comparing the efficacy of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl as an adjuvant to levobupivacaine.Aims:The aim of the study was to evaluate and compare the effect of dexmedetomidine versus fentanyl as an adjuvant with levobupivacaine in ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block.Settings and Design:This study design was a prospective, randomized, double-blind controlled study.Subjects and Methods:A total of 120 patients in the age group of 30–55 years with physical status American Society of Anesthesiologists Classes I and II undergoing elective upper limb surgeries under ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block were randomly divided into three groups of forty each after taking informed consent and approval from Hospital Ethics Committee: Group A received 25 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 5 ml normal saline (NS). Group B received 25 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 1 μg/kg dexmedetomidine diluted to the volume of 5 ml NS. Group C received 25 ml of 0.5% levobupivacaine with 1 μg/kg fentanyl diluted to the volume of 5 ml NS. Onset and duration of sensory and motor block and duration of analgesia were noted and any side effects were observed.Statistical Analysis:The distribution of variables tested with Shapiro–Wilk test. Group comparison of values was made by Kruskal–Wallis test followed by Mann–Whitney test.Results:There was fastest onset time as well as longer duration of sensory and motor block in dexmedetomidine group, intermediate in fentanyl group as compared to levobupivacaine group.Conclusion:This study concludes that addition of dexmedetomidine to levobupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block shortens the onset time and prolongs the duration of sensory and motor blockade as compared to the addition of fentanyl.

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