Finely laminated sediments within Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos, provide a record of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events over the Holocene. Despite the importance of this sediment record, hypotheses for how climate variability is preserved in the lake sediments have not been tested. Here we present results of long‐term monitoring of the local climate and limnology and a revised interpretation of the sediment record. Brown‐green, organic‐rich, siliciclastic laminae reflect warm, wet conditions typical of El Niño events, whereas carbonate and gypsum precipitate during cool, dry La Niña events and persistent dry periods, respectively. Applying this new interpretation, we find that ENSO events of both phases were generally less frequent during the mid‐Holocene (~6100–4000 calendar years B.P.) relative to the last ~1500 calendar years. Abundant carbonate laminations between 3500 and 3000 calendar years B.P. imply that conditions in the Galápagos region were cool and dry during this period when the tropical Pacific E‐W sea surface temperature (SST) gradient likely strengthened. The frequency of El Niño and La Niña events then intensified dramatically around 1750–2000 calendar years B.P., consistent with a weaker SST gradient and an increased frequency of ENSO events in other regional records. This strong interannual variability persisted until ~700 calendar years B.P., when ENSO‐related variability at the lake decreased as the SST gradient strengthened. Persistent, dry conditions then dominated between 300 and 50 calendar years B.P. (A.D. 1650–1900, ± ~100 years), whereas wetter conditions and frequent El Niño events dominated in the most recent century.

Aim:The frictional resistance encountered during sliding mechanics has been well established in the orthodontic literature, and it consists of complex interactions between the bracket, archwire, and method of ligation the claim of reduced friction with self-ligating brackets is often cited as a primary advantage over conventional brackets. This study was done to compare and evaluate the frictional forces generated between fully esthetic brackets and semi-aesthetic self-ligating brackets, which are of passive form and SEM (scanning electron microscope) study of the Brackets after Frictional evaluation.Materials and Methods:Two types of self-ligating esthetic brackets, Damon clear (Ormco) made of fully ceramic and Opal (Ultradent Products, USA) and, Two types of self-ligating semi-esthetic brackets, Clarity SL (3M Unitek) and Damon 3 (Ormco) both of which are made of ceramic with metal slot. Arch wires with different dimensions and quality 17 × 25, 19 × 25 Titanium Molybdenum Alloy (TMA) and 17 × 25, 19 × 25 stainless steel that came from plain strands of wire were used for frictional comparison test. The brackets used in this study had 0.022 × 0.028 inch slot.Results:The statistical tests showed significantly smaller amount of kinetic frictional forces is generated by Damon 3 (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets). For each wire used, Damon 3 displayed significantly lower frictional forces (P ≤ 0.05) than any of the self-ligating system, followed by Opal (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) which generated smaller amount of frictional forces but relatively on the higher side when compared with Damon 3. Damon clear (fully esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated the maximum amount of kinetic forces with all types of wire dimensions and properties when compared to the other three types of self-ligating system. Clarity SL (semi-esthetic self-ligating brackets) generated smaller amount of frictional forces when compared with Damon clear and relatively higher amount of frictional forces when compared to Opal and Damon 3

Orthodontic treatment planning decisions are dependent on the assessment of growth status. Skeletal maturity could be assessed with various radiologic and non-radiologic biologic markers.The purpose of our study was to investigate the reliability of serum Insulin like Growth Factor – 1(IGF-1) as a skeletal maturity indicator in comparison to the stages in cervical vertebral maturation (CVM). Twenty five subjects with skeletal class II malocclusion in the age range of 11-19 years were recruited for the study. The cervical vertebrae staging was assessed by lateral cephalograms. Blood was collected aseptically and serum was separated. The serum levels of IGF- 1 were quantitatively assessed using a commercial ELISA kit, IGF-1 600 ELISA (DRG Instruments GmbH, Germany). There was a significant decline in the mean IGF-1 levels with increase in age in both the sexes. Statistically significant difference was observed in the concentration of IGF-1 among the different age groups. There was a significant decline in the mean IGF-1 levels with increase in CVM staging from stage 2 to stage 4. IGF-1 could be a more reliable biologic skeletal maturity indicator in comparison to cervical vertebral maturity indicator and thus could predict more accurately the growth status of the mandible to facilitate correction of skeletal class II jaw discrepancies.

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Objective:The aim was to evaluate and plan the canine dento alveolar distractions (DADs) with the use of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT).Materials and Methods:5 patients are requiring 10 canine DADs were selected for the study. A custom-made DAD distractor was fabricated for the study. CBCT scans were taken prior to and post thedistraction. DAD parameters such as Canine retraction, canine and molar rotation, molar anchor loss and level of the osteotomy cut above the canine was evaluated.Results:Average canine retraction was 7.5 mm in 17 days, molar anchor loss was 0.5 mm, canine and molar rotations were 8° and 0.40° and thedistance of the osteotomy cut to the canine was1.93 mm.Conclusion:The CBCT can be used to accurately evaluate the canine DADtechnique.

Biofuel production offers a non-fossil fuel that can be utilized in modern engines without any redesign. Regardless of receiving rising attention, many researchers have explored microalgae-based biofuel production and found biodiesel production is cost-effective compared to petroleum-centered conventional fuels. The primary reason is that the lipid accumulation of microalgae is possible. An efficient technique is proposed for optimized biodiesel manufacturing with microalgae through an IoT device with the hybrid particle swarm optimization (HPSO) algorithm for elapsing such drawbacks. First, the component of biodiesel is determined. Then, from the components, the temperature value is sensed through the IoT device. Based on the obtained temperature, the reaction parameters are optimized with HPSO to increase productivity and reduce cost. Finally, we observed performance and comparative analysis. The experimental results contrasted with the existent particle swarm optimization (PSO) and genetic algorithm (GA) concerning iteration’s temperature, concentration, production, and fitness. The present HPSO algorithm has differed from the existing PSO and GA concerning IoT sensed temperature and production function. Fitness value and instance concentration are the performance parameters. It varies based on the iteration values. Thus, the proposed optimized biodiesel production is advanced when weighed down with the top-notch methods.

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