Proteus mirabilis is abundantly found in soil and water, and although it is part of the normal human intestinal flora, it has been known to cause serious infections in humans and a common pathogen responsible for complicated urinary tract infections. It is also commonly associated with multidrug resistance. In the current study, analysis of 1093 different samples from foods of animal origin and intestinal samples confirmed 232 P. mirabilis isolates by PCR. Of the 232, 72 isolates exhibited β-lactamase production both by phenotypic and genotypic methods with highest occurrence in poultry cloacal swabs (11.82%) followed by mutton (9.18%), khoa (6.32%), pork (5.63%), pig rectal swabs (5.52%), beef (5.45%) and chicken (5.13%) but none from sheep rectal and bovine rectal swabs. Among β-lactamase genes, bla TEM was the predominant gene detected (59) followed by bla OXA (11), bla SHV (5), bla FOX (5), bla CIT (4), bla CTX-M1 and bla CTX-M9 (2 each) and bla CTX-M2 , bla DHA and bla EBC (1 each). None of the isolates were carrying bla ACC, bla MOX and carbapenamase genes ( bla VIM , bla IMP , bla KPC and bla NDM-1 ). Dendrogram analysis of ERIC and REP-PCR fingerprints of β-lactamase producing P. mirabilis isolates differentiated 63 strains whereas 9 isolates did not yield any bands. The present study revealed that 6.58% of the samples showed presence β-lactamase producing P. mirabilis isolates that may play a role in food safety and contamination of the environment. Further genotyping methods expressed the genetic relationship between isolates of different origin. The study emphasizes the judicious use of antibiotics inorder to control the spread of β-lactamase producing bacteria.
Klebsiella species have been at the center of attention over the recent years due to its role in the evolution of antimicrobial resistance and is not only associated with nosocomial but also with food related infections worldwide. In this study, out of 336 samples of animal intestinal and foods of animal origin screened, 99 samples were found to harbor Klebsiella spp. Out of 99 isolates, 89 were Klebsiella pneumoniae and 10 were found to be Klebsiella oxytoca by mPCR. The isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test including ESBL detection by genotypic (PCR) and phenotypic (disc diffusion) methods. β-Lactamase genes were identified in 32 isolates of K. pneumoniae and an isolate of K. oxytoca, blaSHV being the predominant gene detected (31) followed by blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, and blaCTX-M9 (one each), whereas single K. oxytoca isolate harbored blaCTX-M2 gene. Genetic fingerprinting of β-lactamase producing K. pneumoniae using ERIC-PCR and REP-PCR differentiated all the 32 strains with discriminatory power of 1.
Significance and Impact of the Study We surveyed antimicrobial resistance trends in Klebsiella pneumoniae recovered from urinary tract infection patients in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. This study revealed alarming levels of resistance against multiple antibiotics classes. To circumvent this, hospitals need to implement strict antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols before initiating the treatment to patients. Comparison of antimicrobial resistance patterns in the same region at different time points will aid in assessing the effectiveness of interventions, establishing antibiotic resistance trends in pathogens and identifying emerging pathogens.
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