The past few years have witnessed extensive global industrial development that has led to massive pollution to most available water resources. There is no alternative to sustainable development, and the utilization of agricultural waste for wastewater treatment has been always a novel milestone in sustainable development goals. Agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon exhibits high porosity, great surface area, and unique surface functional groups that promote it to becoming a future and sustainable solution for wastewater treatment applications. Several modification approaches have been made to further enhance the adsorption capacity and reusability of such adsorbents. In this review, we presented the potential of agricultural-waste-based nano-activated carbon as a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment. We highlighted the fabrication process and properties of different nano-activated carbons in addition to different modification approaches to enhance its adsorption capacity. Finally, we critically discussed the recent advances in nano-activated carbon applications in water treatment including its role in drinking water filtration, organic dye removal, oil spill applications, heavy metals removal and the elimination of toxic compounds from wastewater.
Aceh patchouli is a global market-leading commodity that has a high economic value regarding the most superior quality characteristics compared to other varieties. However, this condition has not been able to make a real contribution to regional economic growth and to overcome poverty problems in Aceh. This study aims to examine the dimensions of sustainable patchouli farming and its implications for poverty alleviation. This study employed a descriptive explorative method by a case study approach, which focuses on patchouli farmers who engage in a small-scale plantation business in Aceh Jaya, Aceh Province by field observation, in-depth interviews focused group discussions. This study found that the economic condition of the community has stagnated to grow well, even though the performance of patchouli productivity is relatively good. Several crucial issues in patchouli farming practices show a pattern that illustrates the weak support for strengthening the community's economy. This study emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the supporting elements of the integrated Aceh patchouli upstream-downstream business. Therefore, the goal is increasing welfare and growth must be based on changes in behavior to enhance productivity and value chain through the development and strengthening of an innovation system.
Sunscreen aims to protect the skin from direct sun exposure. This cosmetic product is included in the type of cream. Sunscreen is made from patchouli oil as the main ingredient. The ingredients used in making the sunscreen in each package contain Niacinamide, Avobenzone, Patchouli Oil, Emulgade SE-PE, Cutina GMS SE, Isopropyl Myristate, Dimethicone, Cetiol CC, Glycerin, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades (ionize water). The tools used are hot plates, scales, magnetic stirrer, stirring spoons, measuring cups, baking glasses, and pipettes. This sunscreen production method is divided into two phases, namely phase A and phase B. In phase A Niacinamide and Avobenzone are mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, Temperature 70o C for 15 minutes. In phase B, Phenoxyethanol, Disodium EDTA, and Aquades were mixed at a speed of 2500 rpm, a temperature of 70o C for 15 minutes. The next step is that the two phases are mixed at a speed of 1000 rpm, a temperature of 40o C for 10 minutes until homogeneous, then packaged. The results of the research will be carried out by laboratory tests. The indicators to be tested are organoleptic test, homogeneity test, pH test, cream irritation test and photoprotector activity test. The results of each organoleptic test of sunscreen were white, soft texture, patchouli oil aroma, stickiness on the skin was classified as sticky. Homogeneity test showed homogeneous sunscreen, the test was carried out using glass preparations. A certain amount of cream is applied to the slide and visually observed. This test was repeated three times. The cream pH test was carried out using a pH meter, carried out with a number of creams dissolved in aquades and dipped in a pH measuring instrument. Based on the irritation test, sunscreen does not cause irritation. The test was carried out in vivo, the cream was applied to the back of the hand repeatedly for 3 days to 10 respondents aged 19-22 years.
This paper proposed adsorbent development by synthesizing polyurethane foam (PUF) using a simple method, mixing polyol with isocyanate and adding fillers of bentonite and magnetite to the PUF matrix. The study's main objective was to produce a PUF-based adsorbent with high reactivity to remove Hg2+ in wastewater. This bentonite and magnetite filler-modified polyurethane foam (BMPUF) adsorbent was fixed in a bed column for the adsorption of mercury (II) ions from an aqueous solution. The effect of initial Hg2+ concentration on the removal rate and the effect of contact time on adsorption efficiency was investigated. Langmuir, Freundlich, and BET non-linear models were taken into account to determine the best adsorption isotherm fitting and obtain adsorption capacity, intensity, and pore volume. As a result, it followed the non-linear Freundlich model, and the average adsorption capacity and intensity were 0.466 mg/g and 0.923, respectively. The average BET-based pore volume obtained was 0.782 L/mg. The kinetics study showed that the non-linear pseudo-first-order kinetics model was more suitable for describing the Hg2+ adsorption kinetics. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacity was 1.770 mg/g with the adsorption rate of 0.0013 min-1 based on the non-linear model. The effect of varying bentonite and magnetite ratio on adsorption isotherm and kinetics was also investigated. Overall, the potential application of BMPUF adsorbent in the adsorption of mercury (II) ions was demonstrated in the current study.
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